Drug Interactions Assignment Research
The domperidone interacts with a number of drugs and produces adverse reactions. For instance, the ketoconazole and itraconazole are two anti-fungal drugs used to cure infection; any one of these drugs when used in combination with domperidone, it raises the concentration of domperidone in plasma. This adverse reaction is of great concern since both of the medications are used to exclusively treat gastroparesis. Furthermore, the administration of domperidone is also restricted with grapefruit juice. The domperidone’s fundamental metabolic pathway is through CYP3A4. Both the in vitro as well as in vivo data has shown that simultaneous administration of both drugs adversely restricts the enzyme activity resulting in increased levels of domperidone in plasma. However, the concurrent administration of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors and domperidone has evidently shown the unusual prolongation in QT interval and is therefore contraindicated.Drug Interactions Assignment Research
Potent CYP3A4 Inhibitors
Moreover, during the concurrent administration of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors with domperidone, if the patients have shown no prolongation in QT interval, the patient should be closely monitored for possible symptoms and signs of adverse reactions. The examples of such drugs include “anti-arrhythmics class IA” (such as quinidine and disopyramide), “antiarrhythmics class III” (such as sotalol, ibutilide, dronedarone, dofetilide, amiodarone, etc.), certain calcium antagonists (like verapamil, diltiazem), azole antifungals (e.g., voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, etc.), certain antimalarial agents (such as halofantrine), certain antifungal agents (such as pentamidine), gastrointestinal drugs (such as dolasetron), certain antibiotics (like moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, etc.), certain antidepressants (such as escitalopram, citalopram), certain antipsychotics (such as sertindole, pimozide, haloperidol, etc.), HIV protease inhibitors (like ritonavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, indinavir, fosamprenavir, atazanavir, amprenavir), certain anti-cancer medications (like vandetanib, toremifene, etc.), macrolide antibiotics (such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, etc.), as well as other drugs such as telithromycin, nefazodone, methadone, bepridil, aprepitant, etc.Drug Interactions Assignment Research
Antisecretory Agents or Antacids
In addition, antisecretory agents or antacids may not be administered simultaneously with domperidone, since it will lead to decreased oral bioavailability of domperidone. However, if both are prescribed and should be taken essentially, the domperidone must be taken before the meal, whereas antisecretory agents (antacids) must be after before the meal.
Intolerance to lactose
The domperidone should be restrained while using in the patients with lactose tolerance. Most of the film coated tablets of domperidone comprise of lactose, which is not found suitable for lactose intolerant patients, or individuals with galactose malabsorption, glucose malabsorption, or galactosemia.
Anticholinergic Drugs
The interaction between domperidone and anti-cholinergic drugs, when administered concurrently might antagonise the anti-dyspeptic effects of domperidone. For instance, the simultaneous administration of domperidone and atropine will decrease the relaxing outcome of atropine particularly in lower oesophageal sphincter; however, it could be minimized or presented no reversing effect if the atropine is administered prior to the administration of domperidone. The domperidone’s fundamental metabolic pathway is through the “cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP3A4”.Drug Interactions Assignment Research The human in vitro data has presented that concurrent use of active molecules that potentially inhibit the isoenzyme CYP3A4, will induce significant increase in the plasma levels of domperidone. In addition, the potent CYP3A4 inhibitors when co-administered with domperidone, it has shown remarkable as well as clinically relevant changes QT interval prolongation. Therefore, it is emphasized that the concurrent use of these drugs should be prohibited in clinical settings. It has been suggested that special cautions should be adopted during the co-administration of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors with domperidone in order to inhibit the QT interval prolongation.
Other Drugs
Since domperidone also possess particular gastro kinetic effects, it may potentially affect the absorption of “concomitantly orally administered drugs”, such as enteric-coated or sustained release formulations. However, particularly in patients who have already developed stabilization over the administration of paracetamol or digoxin, the concurrent administration of such drugs with domperidone would not affect the blood levels in such patients. Drug Interactions Assignment Research