Probiotic Therapies Against Pathogenic Bacteria
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the WHO probiotics defined as the use of non‐pathogenic live microorganisms in adequate amounts to give a health benefit to the host. These effects include the balancing and restoration of intestinal normal flora, preventing the proliferation of pathogens bacteria, modulation of the immune response, suppressing the synthesis of virulence factors by pathogens, the maintenance and repair of intestinal barrier functions.Probiotic Therapies Against Pathogenic Bacteria
Human intestinal is a home for more than 500 microorganism species. The presence of normal flora is vital for normal immune activity, epithelial function and to defend mucosal surfaces from pathogenic bacteria. The Interactions between intestinal microbes and the host are important because these interactions changes may contribute to the development of diseases. The intestinal normal flora can be changed by administration of antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics. For microbes to be used as a probiotics it should be non-pathogenic, beneficial for the host, isolated from the same species as its intended host & could survive through git and on storage could survive for a long period of time.Probiotic Therapies Against Pathogenic Bacteria
The effectiveness of a probiotic depends on the mechanism by which they act their activity. Several mechanisms proposed including probiotic colonize the human gut and prevent the adherence of the pathogenic bacteria to the host cells by improving the barrier effect of the Intestinal mucosa and secrete gut-protective metabolites (glutamine, arginine, short-chain fatty acids).The adherence of probiotics in human gut enhance biological activities including the release of chemokines and cytokines which stimulate mucosal and systemic host immunity[, Rolfe, 2000, Walker, 2008].Probiotic also act as antimicrobial by producing antimicrobial compound called bacteriocins and substances like organic acids (acetic, lactic and butyric acid) and H2O2.
The DNA of probiotic organisms has shown to inhibit apoptosis of epithelial cells. In addition, probiotics may improve bowel dysmotility, degradation of toxin receptors, and competition for nutrients, antiproliferative effects and modulation of the intestinal microflora.Probiotic Therapies Against Pathogenic Bacteria
Many probiotic strains of microbes are effective to treat diarrhea caused by lactose intolerance by producing lactase, which hydrolyses lactose in to glucose and galactose, acute diarrhea from viral and bacterial infections, e.g. rotavirus caused diarrhea, Clostridium difficile gastroenteritis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, travelers’ diarrhea, diarrhea in tube-fed patients; chemo- or radiotherapy induced diarrhea; Atopic dermatitis inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis ,Crohn’s disease); small bowel bacterial overgrowth; and irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, Pouchitis. In addition, probiotics also used for intentional colonization of the gut of newborns to inhibit the colonization of pathogenic and multi resistant microorganisms. The most widely used microbes are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. In addition, nonpathogenic species belong to the class of Saccharomyces, Streptococcus and Lactococcus are also used as probiotics. Probiotic Therapies Against Pathogenic Bacteria