Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Essay Paper
Congestive heart failure (CHF) develops when the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to sustain blood flow balance within the body to control homeostasis. The most typical symptoms of CHF are shortness of breath, swelling in the lower limbs, and severe fatigue. During sleep or physical activity, the shortness of breath worsens. The person typically wakes up at night because of shortness of breath. In CHF the differentiation between ethnicity and race has been identified for a long time. This paper seeks to the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms. Any ethnic/racial variables that may impact physiological functioning will also be discussed. Lastly, the paper will demonstrate how these processes interact to affect the patient Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Essay Paper.
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The key pathophysiology of the symptoms is the decline in the heart’s muscular capacity triggered by overloading or damage (Francis & Tang, 2019). A decrease in the stroke volume may be viewed as a result of the systole impairment, diastole, or both (Felker et al., 2015). Because of decreased cardiac muscle contractility, the end-systolic volume is increased. The heart muscle’s contractility is damaged due to the decreased capacity of the fiber’s myosin and actin cross-linking during the heart’s contraction and relaxation Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Essay Paper.
Several structural and functional alterations arise at the patient’s heart with CHF and these variables interact with each other to lead to the disease’s pathophysiology. Myocardium thickness increases significantly as the cardiomyocyte size rises. Because of the aforementioned factors, the heart’s workload increases over time and these are modulated by chronic activation of neurohormone like renin-angiotensin system (Hartupee & Mann, 2017). All of these conditions result in structural alterations from elliptical to spherical in the left ventricle and cause dilation and fibrosis of the vessels supplying to the heart Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Essay Paper.
Chronic heart disease impacts the Hispanic population in a significant way. The rates are considerably lower than for non-Hispanic white people. This is evidenced in past and present national vital records which indicate that Hispanics have longer lifespans than non-Hispanic Whites along with lower cardiac mortality (Balfour et al., 2016).
Conclusively, congestive heart disease results from uncontrolled cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary physiologic processes. These processes interact with each other to cause the pathophysiology of the illness. Congestive heart disease is a chronic disease that has resulted in mortality cases. Mortality rates are considerably lower in the Hispanic population Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Essay Paper.
References
Balfour Jr, P. C., Ruiz, J. M., Talavera, G. A., Allison, M. A., & Rodriguez, C. J. (2016). Cardiovascular disease in Hispanics/Latinos in the United States. Journal of Latina/o psychology, 4(2), 98.
Felker, G. M., Butler, J., Collins, S. P., Cotter, G., Davison, B. A., Ezekowitz, J. A., … & Soergel, D. G. (2015). Heart failure therapeutics on the basis of a biased ligand of the angiotensin-2 type 1 receptor: rationale and design of the BLAST-AHF Study (Biased Ligand of the Angiotensin Receptor Study in Acute Heart Failure). JACC: Heart Failure, 3(3), 193-201.
Francis, G. S., & Tang, W. W. (2019). Pathophysiology of congestive heart failure. Reviews in cardiovascular medicine, 4(S2), 14-20.
Hartupee, J., & Mann, D. L. (2017). Neurohormonal activation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 14(1), 30-38 Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Essay Paper
Module 2 Case study due week 4 day 7 Scenario: 76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hours to go to the bathroom.” She now has to sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air. Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis-not including title page, references) In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms. Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning. How these processes interact to affect the patient. By Day 7 of Week 4 Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4 Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. Week 4, Case Study Rubric Detail Name: NURS_6501_Module2_Case Study_Assignment_Rubric Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following: Explain both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes of why the patient presents these symptoms.– Excellent 28 (28%) – 30 (30%) The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. Good 25 (25%) – 27 (27%) The response describes the patient symptoms Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Essay Paper.
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The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. Fair 23 (23%) – 24 (24%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate. The response includes reasons for the cardiovascular and/or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research. Poor 0 (0%) – 22 (22%) The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing. The response does not include reasons for either the cardiovascular or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research. Explain how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.– Excellent 28 (28%) – 30 (30%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient. Good 25 (25%) – 27 (27%) The response includes an accurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient. Fair 23 (23%) – 24 (24%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient. Poor 0 (0%) – 22 (22%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient. Explain any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.– Excellent 23 (23%) – 25 (25%) The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. Good 20 (20%) – 22 (22%) The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. Fair 18 (18%) – 19 (19%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations based on inappropriate evidence/research. Poor 0 (0%) – 17 (17%) The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research. Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.– Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria. Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Essay Paper.
Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive. Fair 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic. Poor 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation– Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Fair 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Poor 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.– Excellent 5 (5%) – 5 (5%) Uses correct APA format with no errors. Good 4 (4%) – 4 (4%) Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. Fair 3 (3%) – 3 (3%) Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. Poor 0 (0%) – 2 (2%) Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. Total Points: 100 Learning Resources Required Readings (click to expand/reduce) McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems; Summary Review Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function (stop at Dysrhythmias); Summary Review Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System; Summary Review Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function (stop at Disorders of the chest wall and pleura); (obstructive pulmonary diseases) (stop at Pulmonary artery hypertension); Summary Review Note: The above chapters were first presented in the Week 3 resources. If you read them previously you are encouraged to review them this week. Inamdar, A. A. & Inamdar, A. C. (2016). Heart failure: Diagnosis, management, and utilization, 5(7). doi:10.3390/jcm5070062 Note: The above article was first presented in the Week 3 resources. If you read it previously you are encouraged to review it this week. Required Media (click to expand/reduce) Pneumonia MedCram. (2015, September 14). Pneumonia explained clearly by MedCram [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqyPECmkSeo Note: The approximate length of the media program is 13 minutes. (Previously reviewed in Week 3) Online Media from Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children In addition to this week\’s media, it is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 32, 33, 35, and 36 that relate to cardiorespiratory systems and alteration in cardiorespiratory systems. Refer to the Learning Resources in Week 1 for registration instructions. If you have already registered, you may access the resources at https://evolve.elsevier.com/ Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Essay Paper