BIOL 1001 week 1 Assignment Essay
The Process of Osmosis
The Process of Osmosis and its Importance to Living Organisms. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane that does not allow dissolved solids (solutes) to pass. Osmosis refers only to diffusion of water and the direction of movement is from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration. This migration of water from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is spontaneous and although water molecules move in both directions, the net movement is from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is of prime importance in living organisms, where it influences the distribution of nutrients and the release of metabolic waste products such as urea. Many nutrients and essential molecules that one needs to live are dissolved in water. So if water couldn’t diffuse, we wouldn’t get essential molecules to live. If blood cells, for example, are placed in contact with an isotopic solution, they will neither shrink nor swell. BIOL 1001 week 1 Assignment Essay
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Urea is a small, uncharged molecule, so it can pass through membranes by lipid diffusion and there isn’t much the kidney can do about it. Since this is a passive process, urea diffuses down its concentration gradient until the concentrations of urea in the filtrate and blood are equal. So in each pass through the kidneys half the urea is removed from the blood and half remains in the blood. Many marine organisms are highly affected by changes in salinity. This is because of a process called osmosis which is the ability of water to move in and out of living cells, in response to a concentration of a dissolved material, until equilibrium is reached. In general the dissolved material does not easily cross the cell membrane so the water flows by osmosis to form equilibrium. Marine organisms respond to this as either being osmotic conformers (also called pointillism) or osmotic regulators (or home osmotic). Osmotic conformers have no mechanism to control osmosis and their cells are the same salt content as the liquid environment in which they are found.
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Special cells on the gills called chloride cells excrete the salt so the fish can replace its lost water. When a salmon migrates to fresh water its cells start to take on water so the salmon stops drinking and its kidneys start working to produce large amounts of urine to expel the water. Plants gain water through osmosis in their roots from the soil. Without a water potential gradient, water will be loss from the roots. Plant cells contain vacuoles, which, if not full with water, will cause the cell to become flaccid. If all the cells in a leaf become flaccid, the whole leaf will become flaccid, hence causing the plant to wilt. Plant cells therefore need water to remain turgid and keep firm. If an animal cell surrounded with a high water potential, osmosis will take place, and if the water is not expelled some way or another, the cell will burst.BIOL 1001 week 1 Assignment Essay
Osmosis is a movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane. This may only happen when there is a difference in concentration between the two sides of the membrane. The water moves from low concentrations to high concentrations. That is because the low concentrated area tries to dilute the opposite via osmosis.
The effects osmosis has on a cell are either that it becomes turgid and hard as water enters the cell or it becomes dehydrated (this is called plasmolysis in plant cells) as water leaves the cell and the solution enters.
There is a change of mass, volume, texture and length.
Aim:
The aim is to investigate the effects of varying concentrations of a salt solution on the amount of osmotic activity between the solution and a potato of a given size.
Osmosis:
Process of Osmosis
Osmosis is the process of the flow of one constituent of a solution (in this case salt) through a membrane while the other constituents are blocked and unable to pass through the membrane.
Experimentation is necessary to determine which membranes permit selective flow, or osmosis, because not all membranes act in this way. Many membranes allow all or none of the constituents of a solution to pass through; only a few allow a selective flow. That is why I have chosen potatoes as my semi-permeable membrane.BIOL 1001 week 1 Assignment Essay
In osmosis, a solvent (often water) moves from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. Here, water molecules diffuse into the concentrated salt solution because the water molecules are small enough to move through the semi permeable membrane. The larger salt molecules are unable to move through the membrane into the water solution because the membrane acts as a net. Osmosis will stop when the two solutions reach equal concentrations on either side of the membrane.
Hypothesis:
The hypothesis is that as the solvent, the water enters the potato cell to dilute the concentrated salt solution in side the cells. As the salt solution gets weaker more water will enter the cell. This is because more water is needed to dilute the stronger salt solution concentration in the potato cells. The water will try to flow in and out of the potato continuously until it will reach an isotonic equilibrium. The potato cells become turgid and hydrated. However the potato is a plant therefore it has a cell wall that means that at some point the cell wall will stop letting in water or slow it?s flow down. If the plant cells did not have a rigid cell wall they would burst, like in animal cells which have soft cell walls.BIOL 1001 week 1 Assignment Essay
In this particular investigation I intend to prove that the lower the concentration of the salt solution in the petri dish, the greater the mass of the potato will be. This is because the water molecules pass from a high concentration, i.e. in the water itself, to a low concentration, i.e. in the potato chip. Therefore, the 4 cm core bored potato ?chips? in higher water concentrations will have a larger mass than in higher salt concentrations. If the concentrated salt solution is stronger than the isotonic solution then the cell will lose water.
Water will leave the cell and dilute the strong salt solution outside the cell. It will make the concentration gradient equalize. As the strength of the concentrated solution increases the more water will leave the cell. The potatoes cell wall will only shrink because it is only the cell wall that will dehydrate or plasmolyse, but only up to a certain extent because it is only the vacuole that will seriously shrink. The plasmolysed plant cell can be seen under a microscope.
My prediction for this particular investigation is at about 0.4 / 0.6 [molar] concentration the salt solution there will be an increase in both mass and length of the potato. The weaker the salt solution the further the solution the quicker will cause decrease in mass and length in the potato. To examine and create an appropriate range of results. For this experiment six petri dishes were used each with five 4 cm core-bored pieces of potato. As evidence of osmosis occurring I used the difference of weight before (after being blotted for six minutes) and after being in the salt solution. The control is five core-bored potatoes in a distilled water solution. Here nothing anomalous should occur. To make the results valuable the experiment is replicated five times in each petri dish. Any anomalous results in the potatoes it will be noticed and recorded To ensure reliability of results, the whole experiment will be replicated to increase the accuracy of the results.BIOL 1001 week 1 Assignment Essay
Further information on potato plant cells:
Plant cells always have a strong cell wall surrounding them. When they take up water by osmosis they start to swell, but the cell wall prevents them from bursting, unlike animal cells ie. cheek cells, which explode if they take up to much water. Plant cells become “turgid” when they are put in dilute solutions. Turgid means swollen, stiff and hard. The pressure inside the cell rises and eventually the internal pressure of the cell is so high that no more water can enter the cell. This liquid or hydrostatic pressure works against osmosis. Turgidity is very important to plants because this is what makes the green parts of the plant “stand up” into the sunlight.
When plant cells are placed in concentrated salt solutions they lose water by osmosis and they become “flaccid.” This is the exact opposite of “turgid”. The content of the potato cells shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall. These cells are said to be plasmolysed.
When plant cells are placed in a solution, which has exactly the same osmotic strength as the cells they are in a state between turgidity and flaccidity. We call this incipient plasmolysis. “Incipient” means, “about to be”. BIOL 1001 week 1 Assignment Essay