Journal Of Pharmacology Essay Example Paper
Discussion
Agonist-To-Antagonist Spectrum of Action of Psychopharmacological Agents, Including How Partial and Inverse Agonist Functionality May Impact the Efficacy of Psychopharmacological Treatments
When a substance attaches to a receptor, the receptor is activated, and a biological reaction is created, this is known as the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents. This mechanism is an illustration of a full agonist. Even when they attach to the same number of receptors as agonists, partial agonists do not trigger a complete reaction and hence do not receive the maximal reaction from the systems (Weir, 2020). Since they are both competing for a place on the same receptors, when agonists and partial agonists are active simultaneously, the partial agonists become antagonists (Stern et al., 2016). Antagonists are chemicals that prevent agonists from eliciting a reaction. An inverse agonist is a chemical that seeks to bind to the same receptors as an agonist, however, they cause the target cell to respond in the reverse direction (Weir, 2020). The capacity of an agonist to achieve a maximal response without occupying the full receptor population owing to overload of post-receptor activation systems is known as spare receptors or receptor reserve Journal Of Pharmacology Essay Example Paper.
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Comparing and Contrasting the Actions of G Couple Proteins and Ion Gated Channels
Charged molecules require the aid of ion channels to communicate from one cell to another across a lipid membrane (Weir, 2020). Ion channels regulate cell responsiveness by allowing charged molecules to flow to the intracellular space from the extracellular space through membrane-bound glycol proteins with water-filled channels (Weir, 2020). Charged molecules may enter the cell whereas uncharged molecules may leave the cell in an orderly and systematic way. The function of ions in cell activation, intracellular activation, and muscle contraction are critical Journal Of Pharmacology Essay Example Paper.
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common kind of receptor that allows the body to operate normally (Weir, 2020). Because of their widespread distribution, numerous drugs are designed to aim at GPCRs. They are essential membrane proteins that cells utilize to transform extracellular impulses into intracellular reactions through the usage of hormones. G-proteins connect the impulse between the target enzymes and agonists when a GPCR is active (Weir, 2020).
How the Role of Epigenetics May Contribute to Pharmacologic Action
When the activity of a gene may be altered, boosting or suppressing it without affecting the coding or genomic sequence, this is known as epigenetics (Stefanska & MacEwan, 2015). An illness may be caused by a single gene mutation. This primary mutation is present in patients with cystic fibrosis having deletions of phenylalanine at point 508 of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance. Genetic variations in transporters and enzymes may alter the way a person’s body reacts to a medicine (Habano et al., 2015). Based on the medicine and its mechanism of action, the gene’s expression might be increased or decreased Journal Of Pharmacology Essay Example Paper.
How this Information May Impact the Way I Prescribe Medications to Patients
As a mental health worker, one must know if a medicine is an agonist, antagonist, or employs g-couple proteins or ion gated channels as well as whether epigenetics is involved. Medicines have an impact on the nervous system and the brain, and they may alter how someone feels, thinks, and receives information. It is crucial to take into consideration epigenetics and whether the medicine is an agonist or antagonist when treating an individual with therapy-resistant depression (Strawbridge, 2018). Antidepressants may be tailored to individuals with specific circuit and molecular abnormalities by aiming at specific pathways (Strawbridge, 2018).
References
Habano, W., Kawamura, K., Iizuka, N., Terashima, J., Sugai, T., & Ozawa, S. (2015). Analysis of DNA methylation landscape reveals the roles of DNA methylation in the regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes. Clinical Epigenetics, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-015-0136-7
Stefanska, B., & MacEwan, D. J. (2015). Epigenetics and pharmacology. British Journal of Pharmacology, 172(11), 2701-2704. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13136
Strawbridge, R., Carter, B., Marwood, L., Bandelow, B., Tsapekos, D., Nikolova, V. L., Taylor, R., Mantingh, T., De Angel, V., Patrick, F., Cleare, A. J., & Young, A. H. (2018). Augmentation therapies for treatment-resistant depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 214(1), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.233
Weir, C. J. (2020). Ion channels, receptors, agonists and antagonists. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 11(9), 377–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2010.06.002
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Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments. Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels. Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action. Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to patients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a patient in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action Journal Of Pharmacology Essay Example Paper