Medication Abbreviations And Administration Procedures
Expand the abbreviations and explain how you would administer the following routes:
Abbreviation – Explanation Meaning
1. PR- Per Rectum (as noun: Rectal examination: it can be defined as the way of the rectum, as in the administration of the medication
2. NEB – Nebulizer ( it can be defined as a device that produce a fine spray of liquid that is used for example to inhale a medicinal drugs.)
3. PV – Polycythemia Vera ( it can be defined as a bone marrow disease which leads to an abnormal increment in the number of blood cells. The mostly affected blood cells in this case include the red blood cells. Medication Abbreviations And Administration
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Procedures
4. NG – Nasogastric tube (it is a special tube which carries both medical an food to the stomach with the help of nose. It can be used for feeding as well as provding an individual with additional calories.
5. GUTTAE – Fluids and drugs are infused directly into the bloodstream using an IV infusion device. A clamp on the tubing adjusts the infusion or flow rates to the required droplets per minute. The nurse calculates the flow rate in droplets per minute.
1. Identify two (2) resources that are available for you to utilise to determine that you are following the “8 rights” when administering medication
a) The first resource that should be utilized for determining that the 8 rights are being followed when administrating medication includes the medical record of the patient. The medical record can be considered as a crucial tool that services as a basis for planning care. Communicating between medical with other workers along with providing documentation as to the course of treatment, illness as well as response to the treatment.
b) The second resource includes the medical history of the patient. Before administrating medication, nurses requires access to right documentation to understand the chart time, route as well as any other specific information.
2. As the Endorsed Enrolled Nurse, you are about to administer your patient’s medications. Explain all the procedural checks you must undertake to ensure that you are administering the patient’s oral medications correctly.
The procedural checksto ensre that the oral mediction has been administered to the patient appropiately includes:
- Ensuring that the medIcation to be administered is for the right patient. This can be be done by checking the name on the prescription and the wristbans.
- Ensuring that right medication has been selected for the patient, by checking the name of the medication along with brand names that should be avoided.
- Checking the dosage to be given Medication Abbreviations And Administration Procedures
Educating the patient along with checking the documentation.
3. Providing patient information and education in relation to medication requirements is an important role of the EN. Discuss three (3) considerations when teaching an elderly person about a new drug they have been prescribed.
- It is to be considered that elderly patients are more vulnerable both physically and mentally compared to younger patients. Hence any kind of conflicts should be avoided.
- The concerns of the elderly patient should be listened to patiently before introducing a new treatment.
- All the questions asked by the patient should be answered specifically as well as transparently and patiently.
4. (a) Mrs Evans has been prescribed a course of Amoxicillin (a broad-spectrum antibiotic) for a UTI.
What advice would you give her in regard to both the administration and storage of her medication?
- I will advice the patient to take the medicine every 12 hours with or without food.
- Forbidding the patient to chew or break
For storage of the medication
- The capsule should be stored at room temperature
- The medicine should be kept a room temperature.
(b) Define the term ‘broad-spectrum antibiotic’.
A broad spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic that across the two key bacterial groups, that are gram positive and gram negative. It also refers to antibiotics that acts against a wide range of bacteria that cause diseases. These type of medications are used when a bacterial infection has been found to be suspected while the group of bacteria is not known.
(c) Mrs Evans has now been admitted to hospital due to sepsis. The Dr has requested blood cultures and a MSU be collected for culture and sensitivity testing. Discuss the purpose of C & S testing.
A culture has been found to be the test of finding germs, like fungus and bacteria that possess the potential to cause infection. In case of Mr Evans, the culture testing has been done to understand the degree to which the sepsis infection has spread into the blood.
Administering Medications And Following The 8 Rights
When it comes to a sensitivity test, it can be defined as a test which determines the sensitivity of the bacteria to an antibiotic. it can be defined as tests that are used to see what kinds of medications, like an antibiotic, will work best for treating the infection. The test is done by taking a sample from the site of infection.
(d) 48 hours following the screening results, the Dr has changed Mrs Evans’ medication to a new antibiotic regime. Outline two rationales for the change.
The first rationale behind the change includes development of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance takes pace when the germ in the blood, like fungi and bacteria develop the ability of defeating the drugs that is designed for killing them. This indicates that the germs are not killed as well as has continued to grow. In the case of Antibiotic resistance it becomes highly crucial for the doctor to change the antibiotic to prevent infection from further spreading.
Another major reason behind changing antibiotic includes high level of side effects of the antibiotics that are imposing negative impact on the health of the patient. It has been found that bacterial resistance to the antibiotics can be considered to be a major global health issue. Using the same antibiotic even when severe side effects are evidence can even become fatal for the patient. In that case, the doctor should immediately change the antibiotics given.
(e) Mrs Evan’s is having issues managing her medications at home. Identify device that can be implemented to aid Mrs Evan’s in remaining independent with medication administration.
A range of devices are available for self-management of medications. The first device that can be use is mobile application. A range of applications are available on smart phones that helps the patients to remember medicines to be taken. In addition to this, medication tracing devices are available. They include Pill organizers, pill alarm, e-pill cadex watch and others. This type of medicinal devices help the patient to keep track of his daily intake of medication, prevent miss off consumption of medication.
5. List the “8 rights” of medication administration
The 8 rights of medication administration are as follows: Medication Abbreviations And Administration Procedures
- Right patient
- Right medication
- Right Dose
- Right Route
- Right Time
- Right Documentation
- Right Reason
- Right Response
6. A patient under your care has the following order:
Date: 22/5/18
Medication (Generic Name): Digoxin
Dose: 125 micrograms
Frequency: Daily
(a) Why is it necessary to take a patient’s pulse prior to administering digoxin?
It is crucial for a healthcare service provider to assess apical pulse for a full one minute before the administration of Digoxin as a result of its positive inotropic action as well as its negative domotropic action. The positive domotropic action includes increment of contractility, stroke volume as well as cardiac output. On the other hand, negative chronoscopic action increase decrement off heart rate. Negative domotropic action includes decrement of electrical conduction of the cardiac cells. These actions often lead to bradycardia. In case the heart rate of the patient is less than 60 beats per minute, it is crucial for the nurse to notify the provider before administering digoxin unless other parameters have been provided.
Teaching Patients About Medications
(b) Discuss the necessity for closely monitoring therapeutic digoxin levels for the patient.
It is highly crucial to monitor digoxin closely since it has a highly narrow safety range. In case the blood level is too low, symptoms often recur. On the other hand if the level of blood is too high, toxicity may take place. On the basis of the level measured, Digoxin dosage should be measured.
7. Identify two (2) different diuretic medications (choose each medication from a different group of diuretics) and describe three (3) general nursing considerations.
Drug A: Chlorthalidone
Nursing Considerations: It is crucial for the nurses to monitor weight, output, intake as well as serum electrolyte levels. Additionally, the blood glucose vessel should be monitored The blood urea nitrogen as well as creatinine levels should be followed. Administering the medicine in the morning poses the potential to prevent nocturia.
Drug B: Torsemide (Demaxdex)
Nursing Considerations: It is crucial for the nurses to monitor neuromuscular signs of electrolyte imbalance as well as fluids. The electrolyte imbalance includes hypokalemia, hypoatremia, hypovolemis, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesia, including cramping, ache in muscles, hyerexciitiablity, tetany and tremors.
B) Explain why electrolytes need to be monitored
It is crucial to monitor the electrolytes since it helps in monitoring the progress of the treatment that is related to the known imbalance.
8. (a) Write down four (4) signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis
The four major symptoms of anaphylaxis include wheezing, swelling, difficulty in swallowing and shortness of breath.
(b) What medication is the primary treatment for anaphylaxis
The primary medication that is used for reducing the allergic response in human body includes Epinephrine. While the oxygen helps the patient to breathe, intravenous antihistamines as well as coristone helps in reduction of the inflammation f the air passages along with improving breathing
9. a) Mary Lou arrives post op following surgery. Outline how you would conduct a pain assessment on Mary Lou.
A multi dimentional approach should be used for assessing the level of pain , with determination of the following factors.
1. The onset and mechanism the injury
2. The location of the pain
3. Duration of the pain
4. Course or temporal patterns
5. Aggravating factors and
6. Alleviating factors.
A range of devices are available for assessing the pain. Amongst them the numerical Rating Scale (NRS) can be used for Mary Lou.
Your patient is prescribed the following order for pain who has reported 7 out of 10 on the numerical pain scale:
Date: 22/5/18
Medication (Generic Name): Morphine
Sub cut Dose: 10mg
Frequency: BD
b) List three (3) nursing measures or complementary pain management strategies that could be used alongside the prescribed morphine to alleviate pain and discomfort.
Along with medications like Morphine, physicial therapies lie heat and cold packs, massage or hydrotherapy, can be used as a major strataggy for paain management.
The second most effcient stratagy incldes mind and body techniques like acupucture.
c) Describe three subjective and objective observations a patient would report, that indicates the effectiveness of pain relief management. Medication Abbreviations And Administration Procedures
Managing And Monitoring Medications At Home
The first and formost way to ensure that a pain relief management is working properly includes verbal reporting of reduced pain by the patient. Majority of the patients can realise reduction iinn theri pain in case of sucessfull pain managment.
Another major observation includes reducion in swelling or healing of the area of pain.
The third major observation includes abiility of the patient to move the body part.
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d) On assessment one (1) hour post-administration, your patient has become increasingly difficult to rouse. Their GCS has decreased and respiratory rate has fallen to 10 breaths per minute. Explain how you would manage this situation.
In order to deal with decreased GCS, airway manoeuvres and adjuncts should be applied as per the necessity . An arrest call should be put out. Additionally, 15L should be applied for correcting hypoxia with the help of non breathe mask. A neurological assessment should be performed.
e) Outline the correct checking procedure and storage of a schedule 8 medication.
To prevent medication from leaking back into the tissues: pulling the tissue and the skin before the injection causes the track of the needle to track for taking the shape of the letter Z.
To prevent dislodging the needle: This can be prevented through secure lapping, effective education, regular monitoring as well as appropriate setting of the venous pressure alarm limits
To ease the pain of the injection: this can be done by putting an icepack n the injected location, requesting the doctor for topical antithesia, relaxing the muscle as much as possible.
Should be avoided: keeping the medicines in sunlight or in warm damp places
10. (a) Outline the difference between enteric coated and sustained-release medications.
Enteric Coatd Medcation refers to a oral dosage form where a tablet is coated with a material ffor prevention or minimisation of dissolution in the stomack , while alowing dissolutin in the small intestine.
On the other hand, sustained release medication refers to enttric coated tablets that are aimed at delayed release off the medication uuntil the tablet has passed through the stomach fo preving the drugs from being inactive or destroed or get actvated by gastric juices.
(b) What education must you provide to your patient regarding these medications?
A. Recognizing the side effects of the medication
B. Keeping the medication in cold and dark places
C. Never take the medication without being prescribed.
11. Your patient has been taking Panadeine Forte on a regular basis for the past week. He complains that he is constipated, telling you he has not moved his bowels for 5 days. Outline the suggestions that you would make to your patient regarding management of his constipation, in relation to diet and medication.
The suggestion should include
1. Drinking more water
2. Eating food with high fibre content ( like Oats, leafy vegetables)
3. Drinking coffee, specifically caffeinated coffee
12. (a) Describe the pathophysiology of an asthma attack
At the time of asthma attack, the airways become inflamed and swollen. The muscles around the airways contracts while the airways produce additional mucus that results in narrow breathing tubes.
(b) Which medication would be prescribed during an acute asthma attack?
All asthma attacks requires treatment along with a quick acting inhaler like Albuterol. Other medications inclde oral Corticosteroids, Iratropium or Atrovent HFA.
(c) Identify two methods salbutamol can be administered via the respiratory tract.
salbutamol can be administered via the respiratory tract with the help of an inhaler. Additionally, it can be administered via the respiratory tract with the help of nebulizer.
(d) Describe the mode of action of salbutamol.
Salbutamol relaxes the smooth muscles of all the airways, starting from the trachea to the terminal bronchiles. Salbutamol act as a functional antagonist for relaxin the airways, irrespective off the invoolved spasmogen and this protect against all the bronchoconstrictor challanges.
(e) How you calculate the dose of a salbutamol inhalant?
The normal way to use the inhaler (both adults and children) is: 1 or 2 puffs of salbutamol when you need it; up to a maximum of 4 times in 24 hours.
(f) Provide an example of a preventor inhaler an asthmatic patient may be prescribed.
One example of Inhaled Corticosteroids also called preventers is Alvesco.
13. Briefly explain the role of insulin in the blood and why a patient with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus are required to have regular insulin.
People with Type 1 diabetes does not produce enough insulin and without the same the body cannot work in an appropriate way. At that point of time, insulin is given externally in order to ensure that that body is obtained the energy required for daily activities.
14. List two (2) commonly prescribed insulins in the management of Type 1 Diabetes and a common adverse effect.
The two types of Insulin that is given to the patients include Insulin lispro (Humalog) and Regular insulin (Humulin R). One common adverse effect of both the insulin medications includes sudden low blood pressure.
15. You have just received handover for Mrs Wilson and you are about to commence her medication round. For the following medication orders:
- Outline one reason / condition this medication would be ordered for.
- Describe how enoxaparin is packaged.
- Identify three (3) general nursing considerations related to this medication.
- Identify a single (1) rationale for withholding this medication.
Date: 22/5/18
Medication (Generic Name): Enoxaparin
Sub cut Dose: 60mg
Frequency: Daily
- Enoxaparin is used to prevent blood clots in the leg in patients who are on bedrest or who are having hip replacement, knee replacement, or stomach surgery.
- Stored inn rom temperature untill opended Packaged in an ingection
- Assessing foor the signs of Bleeding, hemorrahage that inncldes bleedin gums, nosebleeds , hematuria and other aspects
- If there exists a decreament of 30-50 percent from baseline at the time of the treatment, enoxaparin must be withheld immediately and HIT considered.
You have just received handover for Mrs Wilson and you are about to commence her medication round. For the following medication orders:
- Outline one reason / condition this medication would be ordered for.
- Identify three (3) general nursing considerations related to this medication.
- Identify a single (1) rationale for withholding this medication. Medication Abbreviations And Administration Procedures