Nursing 6521 – Assignment 5 Paper

This is my PICO: In non-pregnant females teens aged 14-19 who have not had HPV vaccine, does providing education to the parents and teens compare to the usual educational practice at the women’s health clinic increase knowledge of the risk factors and benefits of the injection to prevent cervical cancer?

Dissertation Chapter – Methodology

Study design

The dissertation adopts a pre-test/post-test design that is targeted at evaluating the changes in knowledge among the participants in the intervention and control groups. The research results will be evaluated based on knowledge of the risk factors for cervical cancer and benefits of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine injection to prevent cervical cancer incidence. The focus of the current study is on determining if the proposed education practice would improve the participants’ knowledge of cervical cancer, HPV and HPV vaccine.

IRB approval

The dissertation project applied an intervention study protocol that was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) at the study site. The inclusion criteria included: pregnant teenagers aged between 14 years and 19 years, parents of pregnant teenagers, and residence near the study site. Surveys were completed for the pre-test and post-test intervention periods to evaluate changes in the participants’ knowledge level. A total of 20 participants were recruited for the study, and each participant was identified by a randomly assigned numbered code from 001 to 020. This was intended to ensure that participant anonymity was maintained so that evaluations would be conducted at the group level and not at the individual participant level.Nursing 6521 – Assignment 5 Paper

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Participant identification and recruitment

The study did focus on recruiting participants from among White, Black and Hispanic ethnicities. Community leaders were engaged in recruiting the participants as they have unhindered access to the community members and are better placed to identify and recruit the eligible participants. For the research discoveries to be equal to the population group of interest, it is essential that each of the members of the population be adequately represented in the study. While recruiting diverse participants is vitally important for the study, it is a difficult task that requires the skills and time to develop, implement and supervise community-based participant recruitment strategies. The community leaders help in this regard by leveraging their unique knowledge of the community, specialized information dissemination insights and skills, and well established relationships to provide the study with more diverse samples. In addition, they help in delivering economies of scale so that the right sample of participants is recruited at a faster rate and at lower costs (Bauer, 2017).

Cancer education intervention

The study adopted the MOVENUP cancer education intervention that was developed by the South Carolina Cancer Alliance, and is presented in a single education session with a focus on cancer prevention and control. The intervention includes information on the importance of participating in the study, general cancer prevention and control, and description of cervical cancer, HPV and HPV vaccine. The education intervention is adopted from Ford et al. (2020).

Measurement instrument

The study outcome is defined as significant changes between the pre-test and post-test knowledge levels among the participants as the related to subjects on cervical cancer, HPV and HPV vaccine. The measurement instrument to measure changes in knowledge levels was adopted from Ford et al. (2020) and it included multiple choice questions as well as questions requiring true/false responses. The instrument presented six questions with two questions assessing knowledge of cervical cancer, two questions evaluating knowledge of HPV, and two questions assessing knowledge of HPV vaccination. Each question could either have a score of 0 or 1 so that the minimum score for all the six questions can be 0 and maximum score can be 6.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis will be conducted for the collected data to present independent t-test and chi-square test. The independent samples t-test is considered appropriate since it compared the means between the intervention and control groups on the same continues dependent variable. In the present case, the t-test would help in understanding whether knowledge of cervical cancer, HPV and HPV vaccination (dependent variable) differed between on the education intervention (independent variable). In addition, the collected data is suitable for an independent t-test since it meets the three assumptions. Firstly, the dependent variable (knowledge levels) is measured on a continuous scale from 0 to 6. Secondly, the independent variable consists of two independent, categorical groups presented as the intervention group and control group. Thirdly, there is independence of observations with no relationship between the intervention and control groups, and observations made in each group. There are different participants in each group with no single participant appearing in both groups (Hinton, McMurray & Brownlow, 2014).Nursing 6521 – Assignment 5 Paper

The chi-square test is considered appropriate since it test the relationship between categorical variables by comparing the observed response patterns against the expected response patterns of the variables are truly independent. The null hypothesis for the test is that there is no relationship between the categorical variables in the population and that they are independent. It would show if there is a significant relationship between targeted education intervention and education levels (Weaver et al., 2018). SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 26 will be used to perform the independent t-test and chi-square analyses.

References

Bauer, J. (2017). Statistical Analysis for Decision Makers in Healthcare: Understanding and Evaluating Critical Information in Changing Times (2nd ed.). CRC Press.

Ford, M., Cannady, K., Nahhas, G., Knight, K., Chavis, C., Crawford, B., … & Luque, J. (2020). Assessing an intervention to increase knowledge related to cervical cancer and the HPV vaccine. Advances in Cancer Research, 146, 115-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acr.2020.01.007

Hinton, P., McMurray, I., & Brownlow, C. (2014). SPSS Explained (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Weaver, K., Morales, V., Dunn, S., Godde, K., & Weaver, P. (2018). An Introduction to Statistical Analysis in Research: With Applications in the Biological and Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nursing 6521 – Assignment 5 Paper