Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example

Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example

There are various clinical conditions associated with inflammation of excretory ducts within the prostate glands. Prostatitis is one of the major clinical condition associated with the problem. Prostatitis syndrome exist in four major variants which include chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP), chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), acute bacterial prostatitis and the asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (ABP) (Chaturvedi et al., 2018). The ABP and CBP variants develop as a result of gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and the enterococci species. However, the major cause of infections is the E. coli. Microorganisms such as the Serratia species, P-Euregions, and the Klebsiella species which are examples of gram-negative cultured microorganisms originate from Heather and McCance Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example

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The factors that affect fertility (STDs)

The development of an ABP begins from either the urinary tract infections or the sexually transmitted diseases. When an inflammation develops to the prostate gland in men, acute prostatitis occurs. The sperms are sustained by the functionality of the prostate gland which is an essential share of the semen. The causative factors of bacterial prostatitis are mainly the STDs such as the chlamydia and the gonorrhea. With either asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis or chronic prostatitis, that causes the leukocytes to mix with sperms, an individual’s fertility is affected. The chronic pelvic pain syndrome however does not contribute to development of the condition. According to the recent research done by (Chaturvedi et al., 2018), the mixing of the prostate secretions with white blood cells negatively influences the functioning of the sperms by lowering their quality thus end up being sterile. Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example

Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID

            C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood is a proper indication of inflammation. It is through inflammation that the body reacts to an infection. There is usually an increase in CRP, pro-inflammatory, and the cytokine during the body’s process to respond to an injury. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the CRP tests are the two types of tests used to determine inflammatory protein produced. The CRP test is specific to testing the C-reactive protein associated with inflammation. The factors associated to development of STIs such as the chlamydia and the mycoplasma dentalium results to development of CBP (Park et al., 2017). The use of molecular techniques has been proposed by various researchers to be used in determining whether the factors of STDs contribute to infertility to both the infected individual and the sexual partner. There are also some common complications such as Fitz-Hugh-Curtis disorder, tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) and ectopic pregnancy due to PID development that results from chlamydia.

Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction

Prostatitis forms from infection outsourcing from the urethra. A bacterium that is similar to the one that causes urinary tract infection also plays a role in development of prostatitis. E. Coli is however the most established bacteria. The bacterial infection moving upwards in the urethra and discharge of infectious urine results to an infected prostate gland (Stamatiou et al., 2020). The condition can however be managed through biopsy needles or the use of hematogenous seeding to inoculate the bacteria directly. The functionality of Enterococci has been recently established in disease development. Inflammation of prostatitis is an indicator of prostatitis growth as well as an indicator of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). When management at the acute phase of the disease is not done, it results to neuro-inflammation/chronic inflammation of the natural immune system that affects the nerve system  Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example

Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP

An abnormal bruising and bleeding is a common symptom of the Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). It mostly develops due to low levels of platelets produced by the body. It is a disease characterized with purple bruises and reddish purple spots. When the disease occurs in children, it can disappear without treatment. However, in the case of an adult, the disease can persist for long (Boulware & Refaai, 2020). The condition can be managed using dependent immune thrombocytopenia or through splenectomy. The platelet’s main site clearance is dislodged and synthesis of an autoantibody occurs which provide a response that is intensified by ITP therapies. splenectomy reaction indicators are also absent making it possible for long term dangers of cardiovascular problems to be viewed.

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Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and macrocytic)

Anemia is a health problem that can be termed as reduced red blood cells in the blood. Some of the various reasons for its occurrence include blood loss, improper production of erythrocyte, destruction of erythrocytes or a combination of these factors (Chowdhury et al., 2020). The plasma volume changes as a result of fluid retention and dehydration. It also has an effect on the total mass of the circulating red blood cells. Maintenance of liquid has a closer relationship with hemodilution as opposed to a decrease in mass of the red platelets.

References

Boulware, R., & Refaai, M. A. (2020). Why do patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)

experience lower bleeding events despite thrombocytopenia?. Thrombosis Research, 187,

154-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.01.020

Chaturvedi, S., Arnold, D. M., & McCrae, K. R. (2018). Splenectomy for immune

thrombocytopenia: down but not out. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of

            Hematology, 131(11), 1172-1182. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-09-742353

Chowdhury, M. R. K., Khan, M. M. H., Khan, H. T., Rahman, M. S., Islam, M. R., Islam, M. M., Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example

& Billah, B. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of childhood anemia in Nepal: A

multilevel analysis. Plos one, 15(10), e0239409.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239409

Park, S. T., Lee, S. W., Kim, M. J., Kang, Y. M., Moon, H. M., & Rhim, C. C. (2017). Clinical

characteristics of genital chlamydia infection in pelvic inflammatory disease. BMC

            women’s health, 17(1), 1-7.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-016-0356-9

Stamatiou, K., Magri, V., Perletti, G., Samara, E., Christopoulos, G., & Trinchieri, A. (2020).

How urologists deal with chronic prostatitis? The preliminary results of a Mediterranean

survey. Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia, 92(4).

https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2020.4.353

Discussion

The case study’s 42-year-old patient suffers from an infertility-related condition that is all too common in today’s modern context. There are several instances in which the sick refuse to obtain medical attention. Healthcare organizations, on the other hand, such as the World health organization, assume responsibility for informing the public about the importance of seeking treatment for any disease. This paper seeks to delve into the case of a 42-year-old man with minor dysuria, difficulty emptying his bladder, a swollen prostate, acute perineal pain, and low back pain. Other topics to be covered include how different variables impact fertility, why inflammatory markers rise in STDs/PID, and the most common cause of prostatitis and systemic reactions.

Factors affecting fertility (STDs)

More than one effect on fertility may be traced back to one or more facets of one’s everyday lifestyle, biological makeup, or surroundings. Chlorinated pesticides, lead, and UV rays are among environmental factors that might affect fertility. Men with decreased libidos diminished penile function rates, and low sperm counts have these underlying causes to blame. Hormonal imbalances and disorders of the male reproductive system, including testicular pain, hypogonadism, and spermatocele, are some examples of biological variables that affect fertility. Additionally, fertility may be affected by a genetic abnormality like Down’s syndrome and decreased testosterone levels. According to recent research, an increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases is associated with lower reproductive prospects (Vander Borght & Wyns, 2018) Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example. There is a link between sterility and epididymitis in males caused by syphilis.

Cause of inflammatory markers increase in STIs/PID.

Inflammatory markers increase in the presence of STDs/PIDs, and this may trigger inflammatory reactions in the genitourinary system. The inflammatory response in other areas, like joints, may be affected as well. The majority of sexually transmitted infections, like chlamydia, are responsible for the inflammatory rise in PID (Curry et al., 2019). Prolonged sterility, excruciating genital spasms, and cervical cancer are all possible side effects of PID if the disease is not diagnosed and treated early. Inflammatory indicators like C-reactive protein (CRP) are used to assess inflammation. As long as one is in good health, a CRP will maintain a steady stream of blood through the body. Since the WBC counts do not pinpoint the exact location of edema, getting a CRP measurement is preferable.

Causes of Prostatitis and systematic reaction

A bacterial infection of the prostate is the root cause of prostatitis. Urine leakage cause bacteria to colonize the prostate glands. The bacteria thrive in the surroundings where urine leaks are present. Prostate glands may become swollen as a result, causing trouble urinating as well as discomfort during ejaculation. Sepsis triggers the systemic response that results in the inflammation of the prostate gland (Porat et al., 2022). One of the first symptoms of a person with prostate inflammation is the temperature in the genital area, particularly in the anoprineal region. It is also possible that microorganisms like Blastomyces dermatitidis, which thrive in the presence of favorable conditions, can trigger a systemic response to prostatitis.

Conclusion

Different body parts can be affected by illnesses like STDs or PID. It’s possible that conditions like these might be cured or minimized with early therapy and medicines. An elevated CRP level may help counteract the inflammatory impact. Educating the public about the importance of seeking medical attention for these disorders is something I believe all medical institutions should focus on Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example

2-YEAR-OLD MAN PRESENTS TO ED WITH 2-DAY HISTORY OF DYSURIA, LOW BACK PAIN, INABILITY TO FULLY EMPTY HIS BLADDER, SEVERE PERINEAL PAIN ALONG WITH FEVERS AND CHILLS. 3 HE SAYS THE PAIN IS WORSE WHEN HE STANDS UP AND IS SOMEWHAT RELIEVED WHEN HE LIES DOWN. VITAL SIGNS T 104.0 F, PULSE 138, RESPIRATIONS 24. PAO2 96% ON ROOM AIR. DIGITAL RECTAL EXAM (DRE) REVEALS THE PROSTATE TO BE ENLARGED, EXTREMELY TENDER, SWOLLEN, AND WARM TO TOUCH.

2 PROSTATITIS SYNDROMES EXIST IN FOUR MAJOR VARIANTS WHICH INCLUDE CHRONIC BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS (CBP), CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME (CPPS), ACUTE BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS AND THE ASYMPTOMATIC INFLAMMATORY PROSTATITIS (ABP).THE ABP AND CBP VARIANTS DEVELOP AS A RESULT OF GRAM-NEGATIVE ENTEROBACTERIACEAE AND THE ENTEROCOCCI SPECIES. However, the major cause of infections is the E. coli. Microorganisms such as the Serratia species, P-aeruginosa, and the Klebsiella species which are examples of gram-negative cultured microorganisms (Chaturvedi et al., 2018). The aim of this paper is analyzing a case study on the relationship existing between male fertility and sexually transmitted disorders.

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2 THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT FERTILITY (STDS) THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ABP BEGINS FROM EITHER THE URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS OR THE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES. WHEN AN INFLAMMATION DEVELOPS TO THE PROSTATE GLAND IN MEN, ACUTE PROSTATITIS OCCURS. The sperms are sustained by the functionality of the prostate gland which is an essential share of the semen. 2 THE CAUSATIVE FACTORS OF BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS ARE MAINLY THE STDS SUCH AS THE CHLAMYDIA AND THE GONORRHEA. WITH EITHER ASYMPTOMATIC INFLAMMATORY PROSTATITIS OR CHRONIC PROSTATITIS, THAT CAUSES THE LEUKOCYTES TO MIX WITH SPERMS, AN INDIVIDUAL’S FERTILITY IS AFFECTED. THE CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME HOWEVER DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONDITION. According to the recent research done by (Chaturvedi et al., 2018), the mixing of the prostate secretions with white blood cells negatively influences the functioning of the sperms by lowering their quality thus end up being sterile Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example

4 WHY INFLAMMATORY MARKERS RISE IN STD/PID C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) IN THE BLOOD IS A PROPER INDICATION OF INFLAMMATION. 5 IT IS THROUGH INFLAMMATION THAT THE BODY REACTS TO AN INFECTION. There is usually an increase in CRP, pro-inflammatory, and the cytokine during the body’s process to respond to an injury. 2 THE ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (ESR) AND THE CRP TESTS ARE THE TWO TYPES OF TESTS USED TO DETERMINE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN PRODUCED. The CRP test is specific to testing the C-reactive protein associated with inflammation. The factors associated to development of STIs such as the chlamydia and the mycoplasma genitalium results to development of CBP (Park et al., 2017). 2 THE USE OF MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES HAS BEEN PROPOSED BY VARIOUS RESEARCHERS TO BE USED IN DETERMINING WHETHER THE FACTORS OF STDS CONTRIBUTE TO INFERTILITY TO BOTH THE INFECTED INDIVIDUAL AND THE SEXUAL PARTNER. THERE ARE ALSO SOME COMMON COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS FITZ-HUGH-CURTIS DISORDER, TUBO-OVARIAN ABSCESS (TOA) AND ECTOPIC PREGNANCY DUE TO PID DEVELOPMENT THAT RESULTS FROM CHLAMYDIA.

WHY PROSTATITIS AND INFECTION HAPPENS. 6 ALSO EXPLAIN THE CAUSES OF SYSTEMIC REACTION PROSTATITIS FORMS FROM INFECTION OUTSOURCING FROM THE URETHRA. A bacterium that is similar to the one that causes urinary tract infection also plays a role in development of prostatitis. E. Coli is however the most established bacteria. 2 THE BACTERIAL INFECTION MOVING UPWARDS IN THE URETHRA AND DISCHARGE OF INFECTIOUS URINE RESULTS TO AN INFECTED PROSTATE GLAND (STAMATIOU ET AL., 2020). THE CONDITION CAN HOWEVER BE MANAGED THROUGH BIOPSY NEEDLES OR THE USE OF HEMATOGENOUS SEEDING TO INOCULATE THE BACTERIA DIRECTLY. THE FUNCTIONALITY OF ENTEROCOCCI HAS BEEN RECENTLY ESTABLISHED IN DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. INFLAMMATION OF PROSTATITIS IS AN INDICATOR OF PROSTATITIS GROWTH AS WELL AS AN INDICATOR OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH). WHEN MANAGEMENT AT THE ACUTE PHASE OF THE DISEASE IS NOT DONE, IT RESULTS TO NEURO-INFLAMMATION/CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE NATURAL IMMUNE SYSTEM THAT AFFECTS THE NERVE SYSTEM Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example

4 WHY A PATIENT WOULD NEED A SPLENECTOMY AFTER A DIAGNOSIS OF ITP AN ABNORMAL BRUISING AND BLEEDING IS A COMMON SYMPTOM OF THE IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA (ITP). It mostly develops due to low levels of platelets produced by the body. 2 IT IS A DISEASE CHARACTERIZED WITH PURPLE BRUISES AND REDDISH-PURPLE SPOTS. When the disease occurs in children, it can disappear without treatment. 2 HOWEVER, IN THE CASE OF AN ADULT, THE DISEASE CAN PERSIST FOR LONG (BOULWARE & REFAAI, 2020). THE CONDITION CAN BE MANAGED USING DEPENDENT IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA OR THROUGH SPLENECTOMY. The platelet’s main site clearance is dislodged, and synthesis of an autoantibody occurs which provide a response that is intensified by ITP therapies. Splenectomy reaction indicators are also absent making it possible for long term dangers of cardiovascular problems to be viewed.

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2 ANEMIA AND THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ANEMIA (I.E., MICRO AND MACROCYTIC) ANEMIA IS A HEALTH PROBLEM THAT CAN BE TERMED AS REDUCED RED BLOOD CELLS IN THE BLOOD. Some of the various reasons for its occurrence include blood loss, improper production of erythrocyte, destruction of erythrocytes or a combination of these factors (Chowdhury et al., 2020). The plasma volume changes as a result of fluid retention and dehydration. It also has an effect on the total mass of the circulating red blood cells. 2 MAINTENANCE OF LIQUID HAS A CLOSER RELATIONSHIP WITH HEMODILUTION AS OPPOSED TO A DECREASE IN MASS OF THE RED PLATELETS. In a recap, Prostatitis is a disorder that occurs when there is an inflammation within the prostate gland of an individual. An infection from urethra, majorly caused by the E. coli bacteria is responsible for developing prostatitis. Chlamydia and the gonorrhea are some of the causative factors of the disorder. The condition can however be managed using hematogenous seeding to inoculate the E. coli bacteria directly among other methods. After an individual is diagnosed with Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), they would need splenectomy to help in its management. Anemia is a disorder associated with a decrease of blood volume from the body due to factors such as destruction of erythrocytes, improper production of erythrocytes or a combination of which contribute to decreased mass of red blood cells circulating in the body  Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example

References

7 BOULWARE, R., & REFAAI, M. A. (2020). 7 WHY DO PATIENTS WITH IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA (ITP) EXPERIENCE LOWER BLEEDING EVENTS DESPITE THROMBOCYTOPENIA? THROMBOSIS RESEARCH, 187, 154-158. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.THROMRES.2020.01.020 Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example

2 CHATURVEDI, S., ARNOLD, D. M., & MCCRAE, K. R. (2018). 8 SPLENECTOMY FOR IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA: 2 DOWN BUT NOT OUT. 9 BLOOD, THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY, 131(11), 1172-1182. 2 HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1182/BLOOD-2017-09-742353

Chowdhury, M. R. K., Khan, M. M. 10 H., KHAN, H. T., Rahman, M. S., Islam, M. R., Islam, M. M., & Billah, B. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of childhood anemia in Nepal: A multilevel analysis. Plos one, 15(10), e0239409.

11 HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0239409

Park, S. 2 T., LEE, S. W., KIM, M. J., KANG, Y. M., MOON, H. M., & RHIM, C. C. (2017). 2 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GENITAL CHLAMYDIA INFECTION IN PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE. 12 BMC WOMEN’S HEALTH, 17(1), 1-7.HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1186/S12905-016-0356-9

Stamatiou, K., Magri, V., Perletti, G., Samara, E., Christopoulos, G., & Trinchieri, A. (2020).

How urologists deal with chronic prostatitis? The preliminary results of a Mediterranean survey. 2 ARCHIVIO ITALIANO DI UROLOGIA E ANDROLOGIA, 92(4) Nursing Pathophysiology Paper Example