Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Consider the following case study:
Patient AO has a history of obesity and has recently gained 9 pounds. The patient has been diagnosed with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Drugs currently prescribed include the following:Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
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· Atenolol 12.5 mg daily
· Doxazosin 8 mg daily
· Hydralazine 10 mg qid
· Sertraline 25 mg daily
· Simvastatin 80 mg daily
To prepare:
- Review this week’s media presentation on hypertension and hyperlipidemia, as well as Chapters 19 and 20 of the Arcangelo and Peterson text.
- Select one one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors.
- Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
- Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy.
- Think about how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
With these thoughts in mind:
Post an explanation of how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study. Then, describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. Finally, explain how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
– This work should have Introduction and conclusion
– This work should have at 3 to 5current references (Year 2012 and up)
– Use at least 2 references from class Learning Resources
The following Resources are not acceptable:
1. Wikipedia
2. Cdc.gov- nonhealthcare professionals section
3. Webmd.com
4. Mayoclinic.com
Required Readings
**Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Chapter 19, “Hypertension” (pp. 257-272)
This chapter examines the relationships between the cardiovascular, nervous, and renal systems. It then describes diagnostic criteria for hypertension patients, drugs used to treat hypertension and possible adverse reactions, monitoring patient response, and patient education. - Chapter 20, “Hyperlipidemia” (pp. 275-286)
This chapter explores causes of hyperlipidemia, treatments for hyperlipidemia patients, and methods for monitoring patient response. It also reviews strategies for risk assessment and patient education. - Chapter 21, “Chronic Stable Angina” (pp. 289-303)
This chapter begins by exploring factors that contribute to chronic stable angina, types of drugs used in treatment, and diagnostic criteria for initiating drug therapy. It also examines methods for monitoring patient response to treatment and educating patients on self-care. - Chapter 22, “Heart Failure” (pp. 305-322)
This chapter examines the process of prescribing drugs to treat heart failure and explores effects of prescribed drugs, proper dosages, and possible adverse reactions. - Chapter 50, “Pharmacotherapy for Venous Thromboembolism Prevention and Treatment, Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation, and Thromboembolism Prevention with Mechanical Heart Valves” (pp. 863-886)
This chapter covers drug therapy options for three disorders requiring anticoagulants: venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation, and ischemic stroke. It also explains the process of initiating and managing drug therapy for patients with these disorders.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
**Drugs.com. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.drugs.com/
This website presents a comprehensive review of prescription and over-the-counter drugs including information on common uses and potential side effects. It also provides updates relating to new drugs on the market, support from health professionals, and a drug-drug interactions checker.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Required Media
Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012). Hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Baltimore, MD: Author.
This media presentation outlines hypertension and hyperlipidemia including contributing factors, evaluation, treatment, and implications.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Review the Resources for this module and consider the impact of potential pharmacotherapeutics for cardiovascular disorders introduced in the media piece.
Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment.
Select one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy.
Think about how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
scenario:
Patient AO has a history of obesity and has recently gained 9 pounds. The patient has been diagnosed with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Drugs currently prescribed include the following:
Atenolol 12.5 mg daily
Doxazosin 8 mg daily
Hydralazine 10 mg qid
Sertraline 25 mg daily
Simvastatin 80 mg daily
Address the folowing:
Explain how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you were assigned.
Describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy. Be specific and provide examples.
Explain how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan and explain why you would make these recommended improvements.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
CVD is now the most common cause of death worldwide. However, there are many ways to reduce the risk of developing these conditions. There are also many treatment options available if do they occur.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
The treatment, symptoms, and prevention of the conditions that are part of CVD often overlap.
In this article, we look at the different types of CVD, their symptoms and causes, and how to prevent and treat them.
Types
There are many types of CVD.
CVD comprises many different types of condition. Some of these might develop at the same time or lead to other conditions or diseases within the group.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Diseases and conditions that affect the heart include:
angina, a type of chest pain that occurs due to decreased blood flow into the heart
arrhythmia, or an irregular heartbeat or heart rhythm
congenital heart disease, in which a problem with heart function or structure is present from birth
coronary artery disease, which affects the arteries that feed the heart muscle
heart attack, or a sudden blockage to the heart’s blood flow and oxygen supply
heart failure, wherein the heart cannot contract or relax normally
dilated cardiomyopathy, a type of heart failure, in which the heart gets larger and cannot pump blood efficiently
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in which the heart muscle walls thicken and problems with relaxation of the muscle, blood flow, and electrical instability develop
mitral regurgitation, in which blood leaks back through the mitral valve of the heart during contractions
mitral valve prolapse, in which part of the mitral valve bulges into the left atrium of the heart while it contracts, causing mitral regurgitation
pulmonary stenosis, in which a narrowing of the pulmonary artery reduces blood flow from the right ventricle (pumping chamber to the lungs) to the pulmonary artery (blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs)
aortic stenosis, a narrowing of the heart valve that can cause blockage to blood flow leaving the heart
atrial fibrillation, an irregular rhythm that can increase the risk of stroke
rheumatic heart disease, a complication of strep throat that causes inflammation in the heart and which can affect the function of heart valves
radiation heart disease, wherein radiation to the chest can lead to damage to the heart valves and blood vessels
Vascular diseases affect the arteries, veins, or capillaries throughout the body and around the heart.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
They include:
peripheral artery disease, which causes arteries to become narrow and reduces blood flow to the limbs
aneurysm, a bulge or enlargement in an artery that can rupture and bleed
atherosclerosis, in which plaque forms along the walls of blood vessels, narrowing them and restricting the flow of oxygen rich blood
renal artery disease, which affects the flow of blood to and from the kidneys and can lead to high blood pressure
Raynaud’s disease, which causes arteries to spasm and temporarily restrict blood flow
peripheral venous disease, or general damage in the veins that transport blood from the feet and arms back to the heart, which causes leg swelling and varicose veins
ischemic stroke, in which a blood clot moves to the brain and causes damage
venous blood clots, which can break loose and become dangerous if they travel to the pulmonary artery
blood clotting disorders, in which blood clots form too quickly or not quickly enough and lead to excessive bleeding or clotting
Buerger’s disease, which leads to blood clots and inflammation, often in the legs, and which may result in gangrene
It is possible to manage some health conditions within CVD by making lifestyle changes, but some conditions may be life threatening and require emergency surgery.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Symptoms
Symptoms will vary depending on the specific condition. Some conditions, such as type 2 diabetes or hypertension, may initially cause no symptoms at all.
However, typical symptoms of an underlying cardiovascular issue include:
pain or pressure in the chest, which may indicate angina
pain or discomfort in the arms, left shoulder, elbows, jaw, or back
shortness of breath
nausea and fatigue
lightheadedness or dizziness
cold sweats
Although these are the most common ones, CVD can cause symptoms anywhere in the body.
Lifestyle tips
Regular exercise can help prevent CVD.
People can take the following steps to prevent some of the conditions within CVD:
Manage body weight: The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders advise that if a person loses 5–10% of their body weight, they may reduce their risk of developing CVD.
Get regular exercise: The American Heart Association (AHA) recommend doing 150 minutes of moderate-to-intense physical activity every week.
Follow a heart-healthy diet: Eating foods that contain polyunsaturated fats and omega-3, such as oily fish, alongside fruits and vegetables can support heart health and reduce the risk of CVD. Reducing the intake of processed food, salt, saturated fat, and added sugar has a similar effect.
Quit smoking: Smoking is a key risk factor for almost all forms of CVD. Although quitting can be difficult, taking steps to do so can drastically reduce its damaging effects on the heart.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Here, learn more about the benefits of exercise.
Treatment
The treatment option that is best for a person will depend on their specific type of CVD.
However, some options include:
medication, such as to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol, improve blood flow, or regulate heart rhythm
surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting or valve repair or replacement surgery
cardiac rehabilitation, including exercise prescriptions and lifestyle counseling
Treatment aims to:
relieve symptoms
reduce the risk of the condition or disease recurring or getting worse
prevent complications, such as hospital admission, heart failure, stroke, heart attack, or death
Depending on the condition, a healthcare provider may also seek to stabilize heart rhythms, reduce blockages, and relax the arteries to enable a better flow of blood.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Risk factors
High blood pressure is a risk factor for CVD.
Researchers reported in the journal JAMA that the lifetime risk of CVD is more than 50% for both men and women.
Their study paper notes that even among those with few or no cardiovascular risk factors, the risk is still higher than 30%.
Risk factors for CVD include:
high blood pressure, or hypertension
atherosclerosis or blockages in the arteries
radiation therapy
smoking
poor sleep hygiene
high blood cholesterol, or hyperlipidemia
diabetes
a high fat, high carbohydrate diet
physical inactivity
obesity
sleep apnea
excessive alcohol consumption
stress
air pollution
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder or other forms of reduced lung function
People with one cardiovascular risk factor often have more. For example, obesity is a risk factor for high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes. A person may have all four conditions at the same time.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Find out ten ways to stop smoking. Read on to learn more.
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Causes
Many types of CVD occur as a complication of atherosclerosis.
Damage to the circulatory system can also result from diabetes and other health conditions, such as a virus, an inflammatory process such as myocarditis, or a structural problem present from birth (congenital heart disease).Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
CVD often results from high blood pressure, which produces no symptoms. It is therefore vital that people undergo regular screening for high blood pressure.
Prevention
Many types of CVD are preventable. It is vital to address risk factors by taking the following steps:
reducing the use of alcohol and tobacco
eating fresh fruit and vegetables
reducing salt, sugar, and saturated fat intake
avoiding a sedentary lifestyle, particularly for children
Adopting damaging lifestyle habits, such as eating a high sugar diet and not getting much physical activity, may not lead to CVD while a person is still young, as the effects of the condition are cumulative.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
However, continued exposure to these risk factors can contribute to the development of CVD later in life.
Does aspirin protect a person from CVD?
Many people will have taken an aspirin a day as a routine measure to protect against CVD. However, current guidelines no longer recommend this for most people, as it can lead to bleeding. This risk outweighs any benefit it may have.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
That said, a doctor may suggest aspirin if a person has a high risk of experiencing a cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack or stroke, and a low risk of bleeding. Doctors may also recommend it to those who have already had a heart attack or stroke.
Anyone taking a daily dose of aspirin to reduce their risk of CVD should ask their doctor whether or not they should continue.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Learn more about aspirin here.
Statistics
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), CVD is the leading cause of death worldwide.
In 2016, around 17.9 million people died from CVD, accounting for 31% of all registered premature deaths.
Of these, 85% resulted from a heart attack or stroke. These conditions affect equal numbers of men and women.
The WHO estimate that by 2030, 23.6 million people will die from CVD conditions annually — mostly due to stroke and heart disease.
Although these conditions remain prevalent in global mortality rates, people can start taking steps to prevent them.
Q:
Can I receive regular screenings to prevent CVD if I have no symptoms?
A:
Yes. Everyone, even those with no symptoms, should receive regular screenings for CVD, starting from the age of 20 years.
The frequency of screening and the type of screening will depend on the current risk factors and any other medical problems. Discuss screening with a doctor, as it’s never too early to start.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Dr. Payal Kohli, MD, FACC
Answers represent the opinions of our medical experts. All content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice.
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Last medically reviewed on July 26, 2019
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What is cardiogenic shock?
What it is
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Summary
Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart cannot pump blood to the brain and other key organs. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Cardiogenic shock can result from a heart attack or other issues of the heart. Quick treatment is necessary to avoid complications or death. Taking steps to boost heart health may help reduce the risk of cardiogenic shock.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Keep reading to learn more about cardiogenic shock, including the causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
What is it?
Mutlu Kurtbas/Getty Images
Cardiogenic shock is a state that occurs suddenly when the heart cannot supply fresh blood — and, therefore, oxygen — to the brain and other organs.
Without blood and fresh oxygen reaching the organs and brain, the body goes into a state of shock. Cardiogenic shock is a medical emergency. Without immediate treatment, cardiogenic shock can be fatal.
Even with proper treatment, cardiogenic shock is still potentially fatal. Research in Open Heart notes that 25–50% of people who present with cardiogenic shock will die.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Part of the reason for this high mortality rate is that the shock state can act as a cycle of sorts. The initial damage leading to the shock causes the body to go into this state, which may then trigger more damage and further shock.
Swift treatment is necessary to avoid this cycle and help give the person the best chance of recovery.
Causes
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) state that a heart attack is the most common cause of cardiogenic shock but not the only cause. They note that other possible causes include:Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
heart failure
chest injuries
certain medications, such as calcium channel blockers, although this is rare
blood clots
fluid buildup in the chest
internal bleeding
blood loss
pulmonary embolism
rare complications from procedures in the heart
Some people may have an increased risk of cardiogenic shock, including those who:Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
are aged 75 years or over
have underlying cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, or ischemic valve disease
have overweight or obesity
have diabetes or prediabetes
have lung disorders, such as pneumothorax
Cardiogenic shock is more common in males than in females. Furthermore, Asian American people and Pacific Islanders have a higher risk of cardiogenic shock than those belonging to other ethnic groups.
Symptoms
The symptoms of cardiogenic shock occur as a reaction to the loss of oxygen-rich blood in the body.
The symptoms that a person experiences may depend on how quickly the blood pressure drops and how low it gets. Some individuals may experience mild symptoms at first, whereas others may have no symptoms and then immediately lose consciousness.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Possible signs and symptoms include:
a sudden drop in blood pressure
slow heart rate
bulging veins in the neck
swollen feet
pale, blue hue to the skin
cold hands and feet
sweaty skin
confusion
loss of consciousness
rapid breathing
If a person does not receive treatment, cardiogenic shock can cause life threatening complications, such as organ damage and complete organ failure. It can also be fatal in some cases.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Diagnosis
Doctors will work quickly to make a diagnosis based on the person’s signs and symptoms while administering any treatments that they may need.
The diagnostic process will include an electrocardiogram (EKG) that shows the activity of the heart. Research in the Journal of the American Heart Association notes that doctors should order the EKG within 10 minutes of the person presenting. This test may reveal irregularities in the heart rhythm that could help doctors diagnose the cause.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Similarly, an echocardiogram can show an image of the heart to help doctors detect any areas of damage from a heart attack.
Other diagnostic tools will help once the person is stable. Doctors may recommend different blood tests within the first day, or even the first hours, of administering a person. The results of these tests may help confirm their diagnosis or change the course of treatment.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
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Treatment
Cardiogenic shock is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment. The aim of treatment is to restore blood flow to the brain and other organs as quickly as possible to protect them from damage.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Treatments may include heart procedures or other surgeries, depending on the person’s condition when treatment begins.
Treatments may include:
intravenous fluids
heart catheterization for coronary angiography
oxygen supplementation
mechanical ventilation
mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices
medicines, such as vasopressors, to contract blood vessels and raise blood pressure
Other treatments may need to focus on preventing or treating damage to other organs.
For example, research suggests that acute kidney injury occurs in 13–28% of people with cardiogenic shock. These individuals may need additional treatments, such as dialysis or fluid replacement.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Even with modern advances, treatment is still challenging.
Prevention
There are no guaranteed screening tests for cardiogenic shock. As the leading cause of cardiogenic shock is a heart attack, anyone experiencing the signs of a heart attack should seek emergency medical care immediately.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Additionally, lowering the risk of heart attack and heart disease may help reduce the likelihood of cardiogenic shock.
The NHLBI recommend steps that people can take to make their lifestyle more heart-healthy and reduce their risk of heart disease. These include:
quitting smoking, if a smoker, or avoiding secondhand smoke
limiting alcohol intake
reaching or maintaining a moderate weight
maintaining healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels
finding ways to manage stress, such as mindfulness, meditation, or deep breathing
getting regular physical exercise
getting 7–9 hours of sleep each night
limiting certain foods, such as those high in sodium, saturated fats, and sugars
There is no guarantee that these factors will prevent every case of cardiogenic shock. Other issues, such as injury or complications from surgery, may lead to the issue. However, controlling dietary and lifestyle factors that affect the heart may reduce the risk as much as possible.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Summary
Cardiogenic shock is a medical emergency that occurs when the heart cannot provide oxygen-rich blood to the brain and other organs. It occurs most commonly due to heart attack or heart failure, but it can also be due to a complication from other conditions or procedures.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Prompt treatment of cardiogenic shock is crucial to give the person the best chance to survive and avoid damage to the organs or organ failure. Even with proper treatment, the risk of mortality is high.
Anyone noting sudden symptoms of cardiogenic shock or heart attack should contact the emergency medical services immediately.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
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Last medically reviewed on January 14, 2021
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What causes a bounding pulse?
Causes
Symptoms
When to see a doctor
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Outlook
A bounding pulse is when a person feels their heart beating harder or more vigorously than usual.
People are often worried that a bounding pulse is a sign of a heart problem. However, anxiety or panic attacks cause many cases and will resolve on their own.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
People may notice their heartbeat feels stronger in their chest or when they feel for their pulse in the neck or wrist. They might also notice an irregular heartbeat or heart palpitations.
In this article, we look at the causes and symptoms of a bounding pulse. We also discuss ways that people can treat or prevent it from happening.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Causes of a bounding pulse
A person experiencing anxiety will often feel their heartbeat increase.
A range of medical conditions can cause a bounding pulse. If the symptoms do not go away on their own, people should see a doctor to find out what is causing the symptoms.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Some of the most common conditions linked to pulse rate changes include the following:
Anxiety or panic attacks
Anxiety can cause the heart to beat more strongly and more rapidly. Anxiety is a temporary state, and a person’s heartbeat will return to normal when their fear or worry go away.
In cases of extreme anxiety, people might experience a panic attack. Panic attacks usually come on quickly and reach their peak within minutes. In some cases, they can feel like a heart attack, which can add more anxiety.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), the symptoms of a panic attack include:
heart palpitations, or an irregular heartbeat
a pounding heart
a rapid heartbeat
chest pain or discomfort
shortness of breath
fear of losing control or dying
Panic attacks are not a sign of any underlying medical condition. Nevertheless, if a person experiences severe anxiety or panic attacks, they should speak to their doctor.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Dehydration
Dehydration can disrupt the balance of electrolytes in the body. A person’s heart may beat more rapidly to try and correct these imbalances.
A bounding pulse linked to dehydration is more common in people doing intense exercise, experiencing heat-related exhaustion, and those with metabolic disorders that affect their ability to absorb electrolytes.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Fever
People may feel their heart beating more quickly or vigorously when they have a fever.
A person’s body heats up when it is trying to fight off an infection, which means the heart has to work harder. This also occurs when people exercise or spend too much time in hot climates.
Some people also become more sensitive to changes in their heart rate when they are sick or have a fever, so they are more likely to notice changes in their heartbeats.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Drugs
Some drugs and medications can cause the heart to beat faster. Some that may cause this effect include:
caffeine and nicotine
prescription medications, including Ritalin and other ADHD treatments
illicit substances, including cocaine
Hormonal imbalance
Hormones are the body’s chemical messengers. Changes in hormone levels can change the heart rate.
Thyroid diseases, such as hyperthyroidism, which causes the body to produce too much thyroid hormone, are a common cause of hormone imbalances.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
People who experience a pounding heart and other symptoms, such as exhaustion or unexplained weight gain or loss, may have a thyroid condition.
Allergic reactions
Mild allergic reactions should not cause changes in people’s heartbeats. However, a severe allergic reaction, such as anaphylactic shock, can produce a rapid, bounding pulse.
Anaphylaxis usually happens within a few minutes of exposure to an allergen.
People experiencing anaphylaxis may have:
rapid, pounding heartbeat
trouble breathing
swollen throat or tongue
Electrical faults in the heart
The heart uses electrical signals to know when to pump and when to relax.
A problem with the heart’s electrical system can cause any of the organ’s four chambers to beat at an irregular rate, or to pump too fast and too hard. This can create the sensation of a bounding pulse.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
One of the most common symptoms of an electrical problem is called paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). It often happens during exercise or stress and does not usually mean a person has a serious health problem.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Heart disease
A racing, bounding heart rate may be a sign of heart disease.
Heart disease is more likely in people with cardiovascular risk factors, such as:
smoking cigarettes
a family history of heart disease
being overweight
When the arteries are clogged, the heart has to beat harder to pump blood through the body. This damages the heart and may cause chest pain. It can also cause some people to experience a faster heart rate.
Problems with the heart valves
Aortic insufficiency, sometimes called aortic regurgitation, is where the heart valves do not close properly. This means that the heart cannot pump the blood as well as it should.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Heart disease and some other health problems, such as a bacterial infection, can weaken the heart and cause problems with the heart valves.
Aortic insufficiency can cause:
a bounding pulse
chest pain
weakness
swelling
fatigue
Shock
Shock is a medical condition where the heart does not pump enough oxygen-rich blood around the body. This can happen when a person has one of the following:
too little blood in their body
a problem with their heart’s pumping mechanism
widened blood vessels
Shock can cause the heart to beat faster to compensate. People may go into shock following a severe injury, especially one that causes organ damage or heavy bleeding. A racing heart following an injury is always a medical emergency.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Symptoms
During an episode of bounding pulse, a person may experience the following:
sudden increase in pulse rate, such that the heart feels as if it is beating very fast
feeling like the heart is beating very hard
anxiety about the heart
heart palpitations or an irregular heart rate
Some people also experience dizziness or light-headedness. These signs are often due to anxiety.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Anxiety can increase a person’s pulse and make the bounding feeling more intense. This change in pulse can make people feel even more anxious. Finding ways to manage anxiety, such as deep breathing or meditation, may help to break this cycle.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
When to see a doctor
Seek medical help if chest pain is not linked to exercise and does not reduce with rest.
A bounding pulse does not necessarily mean a person has a medical condition, and it usually goes away on its own.
People who frequently experience a bounding pulse should consult a doctor, especially if the symptom is not due to anxiety.
If a person has other symptoms, it is vital to see a doctor quickly, as a bounding pulse associated with other signs may point to a further medical issue.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
People should seek emergency medical help if a bounding pulse happens along with:
chest pain or pressure not associated with exercise and not improving after rest
intense jaw or shoulder pain, especially along with chest pain
confusion or changes in consciousness
a history of heart disease, stroke, or heart attack
starting new medication
exposure to a recent allergen, such as a bee sting
sweating profusely
heavy bleeding or a recent injury
spotting during pregnancy
a head injury
Diagnosis
To find out the cause of a bounding pulse, a doctor will ask about a person’s symptoms and medical history.
The doctor may seek the following information:
when the changes in pulse rate began
whether a bounding pulse has happened before
what triggers the bounding pulse
other symptoms, such as an irregular heartbeat or ectopic beats
risk factors for heart issues, including family history of heart problems
A doctor may then order tests to measure the speed and regularity of a person’s heartbeat. An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is one of the most common heart tests. It measures heart rhythms over time. Blood testing may also help rule out some causes, such as thyroid disease.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
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Treatment
A person with a bounding pulse does not usually require treatment. However, people may need treatment for an underlying medical condition if that is causing their symptoms.
Treatment varies depending on the medical condition involved, but it may include medication, lifestyle changes, and ongoing medical monitoring.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
A doctor may recommend regular stress tests to test how the heart responds to physical stress.
When anxiety causes changes in the pulse, people can try various ways to reduce their stress levels. These may include:
using deep breathing exercises when anxiety arises
learning ways to manage a panic attack
practicing meditation or mindfulness
Some people may also benefit from anti-anxiety medication and should speak to a doctor about the best options.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Prevention
Regular exercise will help to keep the heart healthy.
The best ways to prevent a bounding pulse depend on the cause.
When anxiety causes these symptoms, people can prevent pulse changes by avoiding triggers or developing stress-management techniques.
When chronic health conditions cause a bounding pulse, people should speak to their doctor about the best ways to control their symptoms.
A number of strategies can prevent heart health issues if people are concerned about these or they have a risk of cardiovascular disease.
According to the American Heart Association, people can keep their heart healthy by using the following tips:Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
maintaining a healthy body weight
eating a balanced, nutrient-rich diet
exercising regularly
managing chronic health conditions
keeping anxiety and stress under control
limiting foods linked to heart health issues, including sodium and red meat
eating heart-friendly foods, such as non-fried fish, whole grains, and fruits and vegetables
Outlook
For most people, a bounding pulse is temporary and will resolve on its own. Anxiety is often the cause.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
If a person frequently experiences a pounding heartbeat, they should speak with their doctor to find the causes and triggers.
Heart health issues are usually treatable, and treatment can be more effective when people catch the problems early. People should speak to a doctor about any heart rate changes that persist or cause worry.
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Last medically reviewed on July 13, 2018
Heart DiseaseAnxiety / StressCardiovascular / CardiologyPharmacy / Pharmacist
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Medically reviewed by Gerhard Whitworth, R.N. — Written by Zawn Villines on July 13, 2018
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What to know about a slow heart rate
Symptoms
Measuring heart rate
Causes
Seeing a doctor
Treatments
Takeaway
A person’s heart rate generally slows with age and while resting. However, athletes may also have slow heart rates. Anyone with concerns about their heart rate should talk to a doctor for help in determining whether bradycardia suggests a problem.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Heart rate changes with a person’s activity level. During intense physical exertion, the heart has to pump faster and harder, so the rate goes up.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
In most adults, a slow heart rate is below 60 beats per minute (bpm). However, athletes and people who are asleep may have a heart rate of below 60 bpm.
Symptoms
Bradycardia can cause a heart rate of less than 60 bpm.
The primary symptom of bradycardia is a slow heart rate. Some people have no other symptoms.
Other people do experience symptoms. In these cases, a slow heart rate is more likely to be due to a serious issue.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Some common bradycardia symptoms include:
feelings of exhaustion and weakness
fainting or dizziness
confusion
shortness of breath
trouble breathing when working out
When a serious medical condition causes bradycardia, and a person does not seek treatment, more severe symptoms may appear.
Those include:
cardiac arrest, which means the heart stops
chest pain
low or high blood pressure
heart failure
Measuring heart rate
A person can find out their heart rate by taking their pulse.
To accurately test for a slow heart rate, a person must measure their resting heart rate. To achieve this, they must avoid checking the pulse shortly after exercising or waking up.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
To check the pulse, a person should sit in a comfortable and relaxed position and feel for the pulse at the wrist. If unable to locate the pulse at the wrist, they should try feeling for the pulse on the side of their neck.
To work out their heart rate, the person counts heartbeats for 10 seconds, then multiplies the number by six. For a more accurate pulse, the person can count the number of beats for a full minute. This figure is the resting pulse.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
If the number is lower than 60, a person has bradycardia.
Children and young people have more rapid heart rates than adults. In young people, normal heart rates are as follows:
Newborns: 100 to 180 bpm
Infants: 80 to 150 bpm
Children ages 2 – 6: 75 to 120 bpm
Children ages 6 – 12: 70 to 110 bpm
A slow heart rate in a child, especially a newborn, is a medical emergency.
What are the causes?
People who engage in intense cardiovascular activity may have a slow heart rate, as their hearts are efficient.
Some people have only moderate bradycardia. Others only experience occasional bradycardia.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Although it is vital that anyone with a slow heart rate seeks medical guidance, not everyone will require treatment. When bradycardia causes no other symptoms, and when a person does not have an underlying condition, a slow heart rate may be a harmless or minor issue.
The heart rate tends to decline with age, which means older people may experience episodes of bradycardia. While this is typical, it still warrants investigation by a doctor.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Exercise strengthens the heart. Athletes, especially those who engage in intense cardiovascular activity, tend to have more efficient hearts. This may slow their pulse because their heart does not have to pump as hard or as fast to supply blood to the rest of their body.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Some medical conditions may also cause a slow heart rate.
These include the following:
Problems with the heart’s natural pacemaker
The heart’s natural pacemaker, or sinoatrial node, helps regulate heartbeat. Problems affecting this can cause a person’s heart to beat unusually slow or fast, which doctors call tachycardia.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
A condition that doctors call sick sinus syndrome refers to problems with the natural pacemaker. Typically, another heart health problem, such as scar tissue in the heart, complications of diabetes, or coronary artery disease, causes these problems.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Other heart electrical issues
The heart communicates by sending electrical signals. For example, one chamber of the heart sends electrical signals to another, telling it how and when to squeeze blood into the next chamber.
The pacemaker helps regulate this electrical system. If the heart is not able to send the correct electrical signals, due to a blockage or heart disease, it can cause bradycardia.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Complete heart block is a type of electrical issue that makes it impossible for electrical signals to travel from the atria — the top two chambers of the heart — to the ventricles, which are the bottom two chambers. In complete heart block, the top two chambers may have totally different rhythms to the bottom two.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Metabolic problems
Some metabolic disorders can slow the heart rate. One of the most common is hypothyroidism, in which the thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormones.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Hypothyroidism can affect the health of the blood vessels, which may slow the heart rate. People with hypothyroidism may also have a high diastolic blood pressure — a diastolic measurement identifies the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats, and is the bottom number on a blood test reading. A person has a high diastolic blood pressure if the test shows a reading above 80.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Thyroid disorders are common and may affect young and otherwise healthy people. Between 4 and 10 percent of people in the United States have hypothyroidism.
Heart disease
Damage to the heart from congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, previous heart attacks, and other heart problems may affect the heart’s electrical system, making the heart pump more slowly and less effectively.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Heart medication
Some medications, including medications for heart disease and high blood pressure, may lower heart rate. Beta-blockers, which doctors prescribe for a rapid heart rate and some other heart conditions, may also slow heart rate.
People taking a new medication who experience symptoms of bradycardia should contact a doctor.
Oxygen deprivation
Doctors use the term hypoxia when the body cannot get enough oxygen, which may slow down the heart rate.
Hypoxia is a medical emergency, and it can occur when a person is choking or having a severe asthma attack. Chronic medical conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, may also cause hypoxia.
When hypoxia lowers the heart rate, it is essential to treat the underlying cause.
When to see a doctor
A person should speak to a doctor if they notice their heart rate is slow.
When a baby has a low pulse, a parent or carer should take them to the emergency room.
Adults and children who have a low pulse and experience severe symptoms, such as chest pain or fainting, should also go to the hospital.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
A person should see a doctor for bradycardia when:
they experience an unexplained change in heart rate that lasts for several days
they have bradycardia and other heart health risk factors, such as diabetes or smoking
they have heart disease and bradycardia
they experience bradycardia and other symptoms, such as fainting spells
they experience episodes of bradycardia and tachycardia
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Treatment options
A doctor may not always need to treat a slow heart rate. However, when a slow heart rate causes serious health problems or when heart disease slows the heart, it is essential that people receive treatment.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
An artificial pacemaker, which is an electrical device that a doctor inserts into the heart to promote regular rhythms, can help.
Depending upon the cause, a doctor might also recommend:
changing heart medications
taking medication to treat thyroid or other metabolic disorders
making lifestyle changes, such as eating a low-fat diet, doing more exercise, or quitting smoking
monitoring heart rate or blood pressure frequently
Takeaway
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S., accounting for 1 out of every 4 deaths. It is crucial that a person takes any changes in heart health, blood pressure, or pulse seriously.
However, a slow heart rate is not always a reason for concern. In many cases, a slow heart rate is merely a variation of normal. It may even be a sign of heart health and indicate good levels of fitness.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Only a doctor can evaluate an individual’s cardiovascular risk factors. People should see a doctor for guidance and reassurance.
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Last medically reviewed on January 23, 2019
Heart DiseaseRespiratoryCardiovascular / Cardiology
9 sourcescollapsed
Medically reviewed by Gerhard Whitworth, R.N. — Written by Zawn Villines on January 23, 2019
Latest news
SARS-CoV-2 in neurons may damage brain tissue
Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients still have symptoms after 6 months
Existing drugs may cut off ‘fuel supply’ to an aggressive brain cancer
Link between sunscreen ingredient, diet, and cancer risk investigated
Medical mistrust linked to race/ethnicity and discrimination
Causes and treatment of low blood pressure
Definition
Symptoms
Causes
Treatments
Consulting a doctor
Summary
Blood pressure varies naturally throughout the day. Clinically low blood pressure may result from a temporary issue, such as dehydration, or a more long-term one, such as a heart condition.
Low blood pressure may be genetic or occur as a result of aging. In some cases, a temporary factor, such as pregnancy or dehydration, is responsible. In others, low blood pressure results from an underlying disease or a severe reaction.
Changing dietary habits may be enough to treat temporary causes of low blood pressure. Alternatively, a doctor may prescribe medication or change an existing treatment plan if it is likely responsible for this symptom.
Anyone with symptoms of low blood pressure, such as dizziness and fatigue, should receive medical attention.
Below, learn what counts as low blood pressure, what underlying factors may be at play, and what the treatments involve.
What is low blood pressure?
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The heart pumps blood around the body, continuously delivering oxygen and other nutrients. Blood pressure refers to the force of blood pushing against the artery walls as the heart pumps.
In a person with low blood pressure, blood flows through the veins and arteries with too little force.
Doctors use two figures to denote blood pressure. The first refers to systolic blood pressure, which is the force of the blood against artery walls when the heart beats. The second refers to diastolic blood pressure, which is the force of the blood when the heart rests between beats.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Healthcare professionals measure blood pressure readings in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). A normal reading is less than 120 mm Hg systolic and 80 mm Hg diastolic, which doctors write as “less than 120/80 mm Hg.”
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute define low blood pressure as under 90/60 mm Hg.
Symptoms
It is possible to have low blood pressure without any symptoms. However, some people with this issue may experience:
weakness
fainting
dizziness
tiredness
nausea
dehydration
trouble concentrating
blurred vision
cold, clammy skin
depression
rapid, shallow breathing
Causes
Many factors affect blood pressure, including the time of day and a person’s physical activity levels and diet. Blood pressure also declines with age, and some people have naturally low blood pressure due to genetic factors.
Temporary causes
A person’s blood pressure may be lower than usual due to:
eating
straining
long periods of inactivity, such as bed rest
dehydration
pregnancy
Some temporary causes, such as pregnancy, resolve on their own. Others may require dietary changes and other care or management strategies.
More serious or lasting causes
Some potentially more severe health issues can also cause low blood pressure, including:
Nutrient deficiencies: These might involve vitamin B12 or folic acid.
Neurally mediated hypotension: This disorder causes a drop in blood pressure after the person has been standing up for a prolonged period.
Endocrine problems: These affect the regulation of the body’s hormones. One example is hypothyroidism, also known as an underactive thyroid.
Heart problems: These can limit how effectively the heart pushes blood around the body.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Septic shock: This is a potentially life threatening response to a severe bacterial infection.
Anaphylactic shock: This is a potentially life threatening complication of anaphylaxis, which is a severe allergic reaction.
In addition, loss of blood due to an injury can lead to low blood pressure.
Drug-based causes
Low blood pressure may sometimes result from alcohol use or the use of certain medications, such as:
diuretics
hypertension medications
heart medications, such as beta-blockers
antidepressants
erectile dysfunction medications
medications for Parkinson’s disease
Treatments
To address low blood pressure, a doctor may adjust the dosage of an existing drug or recommend medications to increase blood pressure. Medications that they may prescribe include fludrocortisone and midodrine.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Also, a person may benefit from:
drinking more water throughout the day
avoiding alcohol, which can cause dehydration
eating more healthful, high sodium foods
drinking tomato juice or sports drinks
wearing compression socks that extend to the thighs or waist
moving the legs to stimulate blood flow before getting out of bed
Learn about the low blood pressure diet here.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
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When to contact a doctor
Low blood pressure symptoms can disrupt daily life, and they generally become more serious with age.
It is important to contact a doctor if any of these symptoms, such as dizziness and fatigue, occur. A doctor can identify the cause and recommend the best treatment approach.
People experiencing any specific signs of anaphylactic or septic shock require emergency care.
Signs of anaphylactic shock include:
a rash
diarrhea
congestion
breathing difficulties
fainting, dizziness, or confusion
swelling of the mouth, tongue, throat, or lips
trouble swallowing
Some signs of septic shock include:
symptoms of an infection, such as diarrhea, vomiting, or a sore throat
shortness of breath
a fever
shivering
sweaty or clammy skin
extreme discomfort
a high heart rate
confusion or disorientation
Summary
Low blood pressure refers to the blood circulating with a low level of force. It can cause a range of symptoms, including dizziness and nausea.
Blood pressure naturally fluctuates throughout the day, and it declines with age. Longer lasting low blood pressure may result from a temporary issue, a chronic illness, or an emergency, such as septic shock.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.
Anyone who has persistent symptoms of low blood pressure should consult a doctor. Anyone experiencing a sudden, significant drop in blood pressure should receive urgent care.Pharmacotherapy For Cardiovascular Disorders Essay.