The Primary Cause Of Sleep Apnea In Adults Essay Paper
Week 3 -Case Study: Mr. C
Obesity is the primary cause of sleep apnea in adults. Obstructive sleep apnea may be linked to obesity and weight gain. Obesity and increased weight, in turn, makes the throat to have increased soft tissue. The throat muscles are in deep relaxation when asleep, which leads to airway blockage. Obesity, as well as obstructive sleep apnea, may result in obstructive lung disease and pulmonary hypertension (Jehan et al., 2018). Obstructive lung disease can lead to a build-up of pressure in the right side of the heart, which causes failure of the right-sided heart. Pruritus, shortness of breath, and bilateral ankle and leg pitting edema are all caused by right-sided heart failure The Primary Cause Of Sleep Apnea In Adults Essay Paper.
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Mr. C’s laboratory results indicate that both triglycerides and cholesterol are elevated, and the cholesterol level is 250mg/dl, which is usually supposed to be below 200mg/dl. The triglyceride level is 312 mg/dl and should be below 200mg/dl. Increased blood lipid level is associated with severe obesity. Additionally, Mr. C has a high level of fasting sugar. BSF is 146 mg/dl for this patient, whereas the normal level should be below 126 mg/dl. These abnormal laboratory results imply that MR. C has type two diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia in addition to right heart failure, sleep apnea, and obesity The Primary Cause Of Sleep Apnea In Adults Essay Paper.
The majority of obese patients suffer from type two diabetes mellitus, in which pancreases can produce enough insulin. However, tissue develops insulin resistance, and that is how Mr. C turned out to have hyperglycemia, although he had adequate insulin levels in his blood. The patient’s increased blood pressure shows that he has hypertension brought by obesity. BUN and elevated serum creatinine point to renal impairment as a result of diabetic nephropathy. The patient has a risk of having ischemic and atherosclerosis conditions, such as ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and angina, because of raised cholesterol and triglyceride levels. High blood pressure may have adverse outcomes, such as hypertensive retinopathy and hemorrhagic stroke, which lead to hypertensive encephalopathy and blindness.
Diabetes mellitus can result in serious consequences. It may lead to macrovascular complications causing emboli and thrombus formation, and atherosclerosis, which eventually causes ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction (Mok et al., 2017) The Primary Cause Of Sleep Apnea In Adults Essay Paper. Furthermore, diabetes may cause microvascular problems, including diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy can lead to microvascular alterations in the eye’s fundus, causing blurring of vision and eventual vision loss. Diabetic neuropathy can lead to neuropathic pain in lower limbs and lower limb sensation loss. Diabetic nephropathy can result in chronic kidney disease, as well as glucosuria, microalbuminuria, and loss of other vital proteins in urine. Diabetes mellitus causes symptoms, such as increased appetite, increased thirst, and increased urine production. Urine analysis will show abnormal levels of glucose and proteins. Both glucose and proteins will be released in urine because of damaged glomeruli triggered by diabetic nephropathy. Since glucose is an osmotic molecule, it will take water with it, resulting in increased urine production and eventually cause increased thirst, referred to as polydipsia. For diabetes, increased appetite is a result of the body’s inability to use glucose and generate sufficient energy sources. There are higher chances of infection and sepsis in diabetic and obese individuals than in healthy individuals because glucose is in excess, and therefore bacteria feeds on it.
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Obesity in Mr. C is linked to several severe risks. Too much fat is somehow a burden for an individual, and it can lead to stroke and heart disease. In addition to diabetes and high blood pressure, obesity can cause several cancer types. Moreover, obesity can lead to cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, resulting in porcelain gallbladder. Gout and osteoarthritis are also significant morbidities to be considered in obesity. Asthma and sleep apnea in adults is sometimes linked to obesity The Primary Cause Of Sleep Apnea In Adults Essay Paper.
Bariatric surgery is very effective in combating obesity, while other approaches fail to reduce weight. Since Mr. C is severely obese, he weighs a lot more than the typical ideal weight. Therefore, I think the best solution for him would be to consider bariatric surgery as a good alternative. Bariatric surgery will be beneficial as his weight will rapidly and smoothly decrease. He will also be able to recover from the surgery in a short time and carry out his operations more efficiently.
There are five stages of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). GFR exceeds 90% at the first stage. At the second stage, GFR is 60% to 89%, and kidney functions are slightly reduced. At the third stage, GFR is 30% to 59% and the renal function decreases moderately. At the fourth stage, GFR is 15% to 29% and there is drastic reduction in function. At the last stage, GFR is below 15% and kidney functions are completely lost. The causes of ESRD are hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. It is possible to prevent ESRD by keeping the body hydrated, maintaining blood pressure, and avoiding nephrotoxic drugs. Appropriate medications should be taken to regulate blood pressure, and too much salt should be avoided. The available options for ESRD include organ transplant, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodialysis. Peritoneal dialysis involves peritoneal membrane serving as a dialyzer membrane. Hemodialysis is performed using an external machine that has a dialyzer machine. The last option for ESRD is an organ transplant. It is performed when all approaches have failed The Primary Cause Of Sleep Apnea In Adults Essay Paper.
References
Jehan, S., Myers, A. K., Zizi, F., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Jean-Louis, G., & McFarlane, S. I. (2018). Obesity, obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology and pathophysiologic insights. Sleep medicine and disorders: international journal, 2(3), 52.
Mok, Y., Tan, C. W., Wong, H. S., How, C. H., Tan, K. L. A., & Hsu, P. P. (2017). Obstructive sleep apnoea and Type 2 diabetes mellitus: are they connected?. Singapore medical journal, 58(4), 179.
Case Study: Mr. C. It is necessary for an RN-BSN-prepared nurse to demonstrate an enhanced understanding of the pathophysiological processes of disease, the clinical manifestations and treatment protocols, and how they affect clients across the life span. Evaluate the Health History and Medical Information for Mr. C., presented below. Based on this information, formulate a conclusion based on your evaluation, and complete the Critical Thinking Essay assignment, as instructed below. Health History and Medical Information Health History Mr. C., a 32-year-old single male, is seeking information at the outpatient center regarding possible bariatric surgery for his obesity. He currently works at a catalog telephone center. He reports that he has always been heavy, even as a small child, gaining approximately 100 pounds in the last 2-3 years. Previous medical evaluations have not indicated any metabolic diseases, but he says he has sleep apnea and high blood pressure, which he tries to control by restricting dietary sodium. Mr. C. reports increasing shortness of breath with activity, swollen ankles, and pruritus over the last 6 months. Objective Data: 1. Height: 68 inches; weight 134.5 kg 2. BP: 172/98, HR 88, RR 26 3. 3+ pitting edema bilateral feet and ankles 4. Fasting blood glucose: 146 mg/dL 5. Total cholesterol: 250 mg/dL 6. Triglycerides: 312 mg/dL 7. HDL: 30 mg/dL 8. Serum creatinine 1.8 mg/dL 9. BUN 32 mg/dl Critical Thinking Essay In 750-1,000 words, critically evaluate Mr. C.’s potential diagnosis and intervention(s). Include the following: 1. Describe the clinical manifestations present in Mr. C. 2. Describe the potential health risks for obesity that are of concern for Mr. C. Discuss whether bariatric surgery is an appropriate intervention. 3. Assess each of Mr. C.’s functional health patterns using the information given. Discuss at least five actual or potential problems can you identify from the functional health patterns and provide the rationale for each. (Functional health patterns include health-perception, health-management, nutritional, metabolic, elimination, activity-exercise, sleep-rest, cognitive-perceptual, self-perception/self-concept, role-relationship, sexuality/reproductive, coping-stress tolerance.) 4.
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Explain the staging of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and contributing factors to consider. 5. Consider ESRD prevention and health promotion opportunities. Describe what type of patient education should be provided to Mr. C. for prevention of future events, health restoration, and avoidance of deterioration of renal status. 6. Explain the type of resources available for ESRD patients for nonacute care and the type of multidisciplinary approach that would be beneficial for these patients. Consider aspects such as devices, transportation, living conditions, return-to-employment issues. You are required to cite to a minimum of two sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and relevant to nursing practice. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance. The Primary Cause Of Sleep Apnea In Adults Essay Paper