Career Counseling Models Assignment

Explain how career development is an integral part of human development. Then describe how this knowledge in this area will influence someone’s work with their clients, using the article attached support your response.Career Counseling Models Assignment

  • Identify the applications of career models.
  • Explain how career development is an integral part of human development.
  • Communicate the key ideas and reactions to the career counseling models presented.You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.Career Counseling Models Assignment

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    Career Counseling discusses that A largely verbal process in which a counselor and counselee(s) are in a dynamic and collaborative relationship, focused on identifying and acting on the counselee’s goals, in which the counselor employs a repertoire of diverse techniques and processes, to help bring about self-understanding, Understanding of behavioral options available, and informed decision-making in the counselee, who has the responsibility for his or her own actions (Herr & Cramer, 1996).

Career Counseling Theories:

A theory of career development can be defined as a conceptual system that identifies, describes, and interrelates important factors affecting lifelong human involvement with work

Five major types (Herr & Cramer, 1984);

  1. The trait-factor approach
  2. Psychological-personality based approach
  3. Situational approaches
  4. Decision theory
  5. Developmental approach

The Trait-Factor Approach (Williamson)

It is the theory of individual differences which focuses on matching of personal characteristics with the job requirements. Accordingly, it refers to a highly cognitive process.  The origin of trait-factor approach can be traced back to Frank Parsons. It stresses matching an individual with a job that fits that person’s talents. Hence, it works according to Parsonian equation given below:Career Counseling Models Assignment

Knowledge of self + Knowledge of work + counseling = ability to choose

Psychological-personality based approach

It is based on Holland’s theory that personality is the major factor influencing career choices. This theory indicates that adopting a particular kind of work is not simply a matter of choice but is the result of complex environmental and personal factors. Four factors are important in these connections:  Major assumptions of his theory are that there are basically six personality types: Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, conventional, enterprising. There are also six environmental categories: Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, conventional, enterprising : People search for suitable environment and  Interaction between the person and environment. Client’s response may be assessed on instruments, like on Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. A person gets a three-letter code which describes the kind of work hat person is suitable for. For example, if a person gets a code of “RIA”, it will indicate that the person is Realistic, investigative, and artistic. The next task will be to determine the kind of jobs that are congruent with that RIA profile, for example, architectural draftsman, and dental technician. The counselor then looks for the congruence between personality and job requirement. He may look for the details of different suitable jobs for that person. For that person, different books can also be consulted, like,.

Situational Approaches

Emphasis is on situational factors such as location in space and time; political and social factors; ethnic, religious, and family beliefs, and value systems. Although personal and job related problems are very important, it is often difficult to disregard the situational factors.

Decision Theory

The career selection is not simply a good fit between the person and the requirements of a given job, but it actually depends on learning experiences as well as different other factors.  It is a social learning approach developed by Krumboltz (1976). Factors influencing career decisions:

  • Genetic endowment & special abilities
  • Environmental conditions & events
  • Learning experiences
  • Task approach skills

Developmental Approach

  • Career decision is a lifelong process with counseling interventions depending on the person’s life

Stage.  Levinson’s midlife transition (1977) theory indicates that people in their middle age often face many problems regarding career counseling.Career Counseling Models Assignment

  • This approach includes much of the previously mentioned approaches.
  • Most influential developmental approach is that of Donald Super (1957).
  • It focuses on the influence of self-concept on occupational choices. Although self-concept is fairly stable after late adolescence, any change with time and experience make choices a continuous process built on the ideas of many developmental theorists, such as Havighurst (1953)
  • Growth (0-14): self concept develops through identification toward others; needs and fantasy are dominant early in this stage. Different behaviors, like industriousness, social interaction, goal setting, and self-direction are learned.
  • Exploration (14-24): time for self-examination, try-outs and occupational explorations;
  • Establishment (24-44): having found an appropriate field; having made a place in the world of work, the concern is how to hold on it.
  • Maintenance (44-64): how to hold on the world of work, competition with young workers, try to maintain status
  • Decline (64 years–death) selective participation, new roles and adjustments

Career Counseling Strategies

  • Assessment

Use of inventories, tests, rating scales, etc. Specialized training many be required for psychological testing.  Use of computers and computerized testing

  • Guidance

Information attainment and sharing. Use of different resource books and manuals like “Directory of Occupational Titles” (DOT) .Published information about these jobs is available in diverse sources, like CDs, videos, audios, books, etc.

  • Work adjustment

Work adjustment is more than career choice; everyone who is unhappy with the job need not definitely change the job. May be the person has to improve interpersonal skills, behave differently, and change perceptions.Career Counseling Models Assignment

For this discussion, synthesize your understanding of career counseling as an integral part of human development. From the perspective of your specialization, how does the developmental lifespan perspective influence career and educational planning, placement, and evaluation? Discuss the influence of career counseling when working with children (elementary school), adolescents (secondary), and older adults. Identify models that would be appropriate for children and adolescents in the school setting, including identity models such as Erik Erickson.

Response Guidelines

Respond to at least two of your peers, commenting on the effectiveness with which your peer addressed each developmental stage, identifying the needs of elementary, secondary, and older adults. The response needs to include at least one reference

Career Counseling as an Integral Part of Human Development

Career development is not a one-time event, rather it is a process that occurs across the lifespan and is an integral part of human development.  Further, the counseling that may be offered to support career development must also be offered from a lifespan perspective, with counselors supporting a client’s unique needs at the various stages of their life and career.  Zunker (2016) also points out that changing cultural and environmental systems can effect human development, and best practice involves case conceptualization from a holistic perspective.  Humans are actively growing and changing throughout their lives, and their vocational interests, goals, and preferences are no exception.  Career counseling is a dynamic and lifelong process that evolves with each client throughout the course of their life.   Career Counseling Models Assignment

The Developmental Lifespan Model Influence on Career and Educational Planning, Placement, and Evaluation

From a mental health counseling perspective, the developmental lifespan model of career planning is highly influential.  Mental health counselors will need to be prepared to address all phases of career counseling in all phases or stages of a client’s life.  Career and education planning begin in early childhood and continue throughout the course of life.  Mental health counselors will need to be aware of the foundational career needs of the children they serve, and be prepared to focus on improved social skills, industry, and communication skills.  When working with adolescents, mental health counselors also need to be aware of the importance of developing quality relationships outside of their family, and how these interpersonal skills will benefit them later in the workforce.  Also, mental health counselors will need to understand life stages when selecting assessment tools, conducting evaluations, and placing individuals in jobs.

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The Influence of Career Counseling When Working With Children, Adolescents, and Older Adults

Career counseling can easily be integrated into work with children by focusing on the foundational skills necessary for successful education, vocational, and social experiences.  Some of the foundational skills that counselors can focus on with children include prosocial skills, positive work habits, diversity skills, pleasing personality traits, and entrepreneurship (Gysbers, 2013).  Counseling work with adolescents can begin to focus on planning, goal setting, and decision making skills, along with a focus on curricula that supports a possible career direction.  Interestingly, Newman and Newman (2012) highlight the concept of career maturity, which suggests postponing career decisions until an adolescent or young adult matures and gains valuable life experience.  Career counseling with adults in the new workforce places more emphasis on career development than remaining at a particular company (Zunker, 2016).  Retirement counseling should also be highlighted as individuals move to transition from the world of work to increased volunteer and leisure opportunities.  Finally, more retired individuals are going back to work on a part time basis in order to supplement their retirement income, and may require counseling to make this change.  Career Counseling Models Assignment

Appropriate Career Counseling Models for Children and Adolescents, Including Erik Erickson’s Model

Stage theorists such as Erik Erickson conceptualize career counseling from the developmental life stage that a particular client is navigating.  Between the ages of 6 to 11, for example, children are actively learning a variety of social, academic, and work related skills that will create a foundation for later more complex career development.  This stage of development is also associated with achievement of self-efficacy and an understanding of the importance of productivity.  Adolescents are actively working on the developmental task of achieving a group and individual identity and avoiding isolation.  Adolescents work hard to expand their social circles and distance themselves from their parents in an effort to achieve independence (Newman & Newman, 2012).  An overarching principal associated with Erickson’s stage model is that children or adolescents who fail to successfully achieve their developmental tasks may require special supports later in life (Zunker, 2016).  Career counseling from this stage model would consider this developmental information as the foundation from which to create a comprehensive career plan.

Other career counseling models appropriate for children and adolescents include Super’s self-concept theory, Krumboltz’s learning theory, and cognitive development theory.  Because elementary school students are busy forming their identity or self-concept through their childhood relationships, Super’s self-concept theory may be applied (Zunker, 2016).  Krumboltz’s learning theory looks at the way that children and adolescents utilize observation in learning new things, and are able to adapt their behavior based on this observational learning (Zunker, 2016).  Piaget’s cognitive development theory is also a stage theory in that it views children’s knowledge acquisition as developing in specific steps or levels through their environmental engagement.Career Counseling Models Assignment

Newman & Newman (2012) stated that career identities are “a well-integrated part of [people’s] personal identities rather than as activities from which they are alienated or by which they are dominated” (p. 412). Career counseling across the lifespan has implications in all fields of counseling practices. As it pertains to mental health counseling, career counseling becomes an integrated conversation about the wants, needs, & desires a person has to have a satisfied existence.

Developmental Lifespan from a MH Perspective

Zunker (2016) stated that early life experiences tend to influence later life decisions. As it applies to career counseling, this is the core and foundation for how young children begin to view the world and all it has to offer. For example, children who have parental figures who exhibit hard work ethic are likely to influence their young children especially if it is reinforced with at-home activities (e.g., chores). These experiences, along with other life experiences, are likely to shape what a child decides to do. From a MH perspective, because the child’s feelings about these practices greatly challenge or confirm their beliefs, it will affect their behaviors.

Erickson Psycho social Developmental Model illustrates the challenges that people face at different stages of their life development. What made Erickson model much more appealing (versus Freud’s Psycho sexual Theory) is that it included polarities that challenged each individual’s relationship to his/her culture, family, and life environment (Syed and McLean, 2015). So as it is applied to career counseling in the cases of young children and adolescents, Erickson developmental model provides a theoretical explanation for the decisions and choices one makes at certain times of his/her life.Career Counseling Models Assignment

Branje, Lieshout, & Gerris (2007) studied personality development across adolescence and adulthood to see if the Big Five personality factors (extra version, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience) changed as individuals aged and gained experience. Their research suggested that males have fewer changes than females, but both sexes showed increasing signs of maturity and adaptation as they aged. The importance of their study was that it showed that personality continued to develop during the middle adulthood potentially because of the delegation of new responsibilities (i.e., parenthood). As it is applied to career counseling, the changing course of one’s career can have profound impact on their livelihood and decisions that (in)directly affect how one views his/her future.

Thoughts from the “Other Side”

Based upon Maslow’s (1943) Hierarchy of Needs, there exist several, innate physiological needs during infancy: food, water, shelter, sleep, air (breathing), excretion, and sensory satisfaction (e.g., touch, taste, hear, feel, and smell; Daniels, 1992; Maslow, 1943; and Seeley, 1992). The early, formative years allow the child to experience the world through their parent’s permission. Fast forward to adulthood, and these same basic needs are still required; however, they have evolved into something much more complex. When integrated with the work life, it is not surprising that these same needs are still needed in the workplace environment; however, they are ascribed new titles or new entitlements. For example, infants have the need for food; employees have the need for a clean environment to enjoy said food. Another example: infants have a need for sleep; employees need an hour per day for a break to do with it whatever they would like. These needs have never left; they have just evolved. The career demands that one has available to him/her that are most desirable are the attributes the (s)he will seek. In these instances, it will be necessary to determine if a client is okay with where (s)he is at this junction of his/her life. If they are not, it will be important to determine how career counseling and lifespan developmental theory can be influential in assisting with producing changes.Career Counseling Models Assignment

Are you thinking about getting guidance on your career through career counseling?

Career counseling can help shed a light on what type of career is best for you, how you work best and much more. It’s a great start to any job search strategy, but there are a few different options to consider before getting started. We’re exploring the differences between self-directed career planning and traditional career counseling.

Self-Directed Career Planning

The self-directed part of career planning is exactly what it sounds like: driving the career planning on your own, without help from outside sources like a traditional career counselor. This type of career planning may utilize career assessments like career interest, values, skills and personality tests. You can locate and take many of these online on your own, and most are easy to take and understand the results. The results can help you discover on your own appropriate career decisions.

This option can be cost-effective, as you don’t have to pay for a career counselor. Uncovering information about yourself and utilizing it to make career decisions can be empowering for many as well.Career Counseling Models Assignment

Traditional Career Counseling Model

Traditional career counseling utilizes the expertise of a career counselor. The emphasis in this type of career planning is on a one-on-one counseling relationship with the career counselor. Like self-directed career planning, career assessments are typically used, but in these instances, the professional administers and interprets the results. After individual sessions, using the information from career assessments, career counselors work with you to help make career and job search decisions. They can help guide a job search, determine what type of position interests you and much more.

A traditional career counseling model may take more time, as you must meet with the career counselor, and they typically charge an hourly or flat fee.Career Counseling Models Assignment